The million dollar donor journey: Stages of development for high‐net‐worth women donors

Most charitable giving research focuses on individual donors at a specific point in time and uses quantitative surveys with limited data about donors' experiences. This study uses reflective interviews to examine the life trajectories of a cohort of women donors who have made gifts of $1 million or more to causes that benefit women and girls. By drawing from developmental psychology, we illustrate the iterative process of learning about giving—shaped by life experiences—that comprise the journey to becoming a million‐dollar donor. We find that, in their journeys toward making their million‐dollar commitment, women donors followed a shared trajectory with distinct stages and prompts for progression. Our findings provide guidance for fundraising professionals to recognize the stages of a potential donor's readiness to give and to facilitate progression in the journey, thus increasing the potential for more large‐scale gift commitments in the future and deepening the donor–fundraiser relationship.     

Internet odysseys: linking web roles to career and community investments

This paper examines a new kind of career odyssey, namely that into the relatively uncharted territory of the world wide web. It extends recent ideas about personal and communal career investments by exploring people's web-enabled career behaviour, based on Tapscott et al.'s (2000) typology of web roles. MBA students completed a preliminary career exploration instrument and then met in different focus groups according to the web role with which each student most identified. The reported career investments varied depending on the web role involved. An attempt was made to corroborate these findings through practitioner interviews, but there were problems in reconciling the two kinds of data. The implications of these findings are discussed, and a series of observations is offered concerning the further study of the increasingly virtual journeys anticipated for careers of the future.     

The interaction of multiple champions in orchestrating innovation networks: Conflicts and complementarities

In networked or open innovation processes, so-called innovation communities have been identified in the innovation champion literature, in which innovation champions from different levels in the innovation system supposedly act as a team. It has however not been studied in detail to what extent and how different champions in innovation communities complement each other and act as a team. Applying the concept of innovation network orchestration to analyze the role and position of different kinds of champions as brokers in innovation networks, the purpose of this paper is to unravel the interaction between champions and what this entails in terms of role complementarities and conflicts as regards innovation network orchestration. This is done by using an explorative multiple case study approach in which three innovation journeys are analyzed. The results indicate that a distinction can be made between primary innovation communities, who act as aggregated orchestrators of the overall innovation network, and who in turn orchestrate secondary innovation communities in certain sub-networks. Here different kinds of champions complement each other and act as a team, but these complementarities are not a given: they are negotiated over time in interaction, and lack of reflection on each other’s roles may result in role conflicts. The main conclusion is that an oversimplified notion of innovation communities as a unified team of champions should be avoided: innovation communities themselves need a form of orchestration.     

新媒体在企业危机公关中的路径选择及运用策略

新媒体的出现改变了信息传播的模式,使企业危机呈现出新的特点。本文分析了新媒体的传播特征,新媒体环境下企业危机公关的特点以及新媒体的路径选择。最后阐述了新媒体在危机发生的不同阶段的运用策略,为企业遇到危机时能够有效运用新媒体解决危机,最大限度地降低危机带来的危害提供建议。     

如何加强大学生思想工作针对性的思考

由于大学生在各个阶段的思想特点不同,要求我们对大学生的思想教育工作要根据其各阶段的学生特点来展开。那么如何有针对性的做好他们的思想政治工作,使之能够顺利成长为祖国建设的栋梁之才,已成为高校辅导员的重要职责之一。本文根据大学生在校期间不同阶段的不同思想特点,对如何有针对性的做好其思想工作进行了简单分析。     

Environmental Management Evolution: Empirical Evidence from Spain and Italy

This research is focused on a survey conducted among Spanish and Italian companies in order to define the environmental management evolution within firms. Through this survey, a number of maturity stages were defined and validated, and the identification of the relevant factors for each of the maturity stages was made. Survey results show that companies start with environmental management issues due to legislation requirements. Afterwards, firms go through a training phase, continuing with the systematization stage, then look for economic benefits through ecological improvements (ECO² stage) and finish with the eco‐innovation and leading green company stages. The survey has shown that the maturity stages have application in all types of industrial sector. These are useful for those firms that want to make progress in environmental matters, as it helps them to identify at which maturity stage they are and what are the factors that they need to take into account to move forward. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The Supreme Court Holds Class on Sexual Harassment: How to Avoid a Failing Grade

This article analyzes the three recent sexual harassment cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1997–98 session. The purpose is to highlight the most common mistakes made by management as evidenced by the case history on this topic. Each mistake is described in the context of the cases and with reference to widespread business practices. The explanation of each error is followed by a brief practical directive to aid management in formulating appropriate policies and practices on that topic. A concluding section describes the desired result of each recommendation from the perspective of the employees. This article gives managers a quick checklist to ensure that their policies and practices avoid common problems and are up to date with the latest court interpretations on sexual harassment.     

STRATEGIC PROBLEM FORMULATION: BIASES AND ASSUMPTIONS EMBEDDED IN ALTERNATIVE DECISION-MAKING MODELS

This article reviews the major theoretical approaches to strategic decision-making and identifies how each treats the process of problem formulation. Five models of strategic decision-making are analysed to determine the assumptions and biases made about strategic problem formulation. Successful strategic problem formulation is described and proposed as a beginning point for future research. Some constructs for further theory development are addressed.     

我国会计教育国际化进程阶段及识别研究

依据高等教育国际化发展的进程规律,阐述了衡量会计教育国际化进程涵义及阶段划分的重要意义,提出我国会计教育国际化可划分为三个进程阶段:"补缺式"阶段、"相互交融"阶段和"战略合作"阶段。提出了各阶段的指标,并研究了指标特征,据此对我国会计教育国际化进程阶段进行特征识别。选择了国内开设前沿会计专业ACCA、CGA课程的22个院校为样本进行了我国会计教育国际化所处进程阶段的实证识别,识别结果表明我国会计教育国际化进程尚处于"相互交融"阶段的开端,会计教育国际化整体水平有待提高。     

Modelling Clustered Heterogeneity: Fixed Effects,Random Effects and Mixtures

Although each statistical unit on which measurements are taken is unique, typically there is not enough information available to account totally for its uniqueness. Therefore, heterogeneity among units has to be limited by structural assumptions. One classical approach is to use random effects models, which assume that heterogeneity can be described by distributional assumptions. However, inference may depend on the assumed mixing distribution, and it is assumed that the random effects and the observed covariates are independent. An alternative considered here is fixed effect models, which let each unit has its own parameter. They are quite flexible but suffer from the large number of parameters. The structural assumption made here is that there are clusters of units that share the same effects. It is shown how clusters can be identified by tailored regularised estimators. Moreover, it is shown that the regularised estimates compete well with estimates for the random effects model, even if the latter is the data generating model. They dominate if clusters are present.     

基于产品生命周期的备件物流的采购策略研究

阐述了备件采购在备件物流系统中的重要地位及其特殊的属性,着重从产品生命周期的角度来研究备件物流采购的特点和策略,提出了备件物流在产品生命周期的各个阶段的采购策略,为备件采购操作的进行提供了依据,同时对定价策略和库存策略的制定也提供了一定的参考.     

工程价值链的空间结构与建筑业增长

对应于工程项目生命周期,存在着由工程的价值规划、价值形成、价值实现、价值消失阶段形成的工程价值变化周期。这个周期中相互衔接、相互依存的价值阶段由一系列创造价值的活动组成,这些活动构成项目不断增值的工程价值链。将工程价值链上的价值分解为实体价值、功能价值和建筑业附加价值三个组成部份,构造出工程价值链的三维空间。该空间是一个动态平衡系统,其中实体价值增值是客观载体,功能价值增值是投资目标。建筑业在这个空间内以功能价值最大化为导向,以进入成本最低为前提,拓展事业组合,实现自身附加值增值最大化。     

Planning models for non-cooperative situations: A two-player game approach

In the analysis of urban systems, attempts are usually made to subdivide the system into a set of interest groups, according to the.pursuit of certain common purposes. The behaviour of each group is described in terms on an objective and a set of variables under its control. Groups may be linked through the occurrence of variables controlled by other groups either in their objectives, in their constraints, or both. In this paper, the problem is addressed, whereby equilibrium states are sought for situations where one group is the planning authority, exercising policy instruments to influence system outcome at a level different to that required to reasonably describe the macro behaviour or objectives of all groups in the system, including the authority itself. The principles are illustrated on some specific models, and alternative means of handling various classes of intergroup linkages are investigated.     

Place in Entrepreneurial Storytelling: A Study of Cultural Entrepreneurship in a Deprived Context

We extend the cultural entrepreneurship perspective by investigating how entrepreneurs in deprived contexts gain legitimacy by leveraging proprietary and public places in their entrepreneurial storytelling. Inspired by the sociology of place, we present a longitudinal study of ten new venture journeys over four years in Kasoa, Ghana. We identify three distinct ways places are used in entrepreneurial narratives: projective significance of place, connective significance of place, and authoritative significance of place. We show how impoverished entrepreneurs construct and communicate places in diverse ways, not only as locations, but also as material and symbolic resources that provide legitimacy for their venturing activities. Drawing from our findings, we generate a model of place-based cultural entrepreneurship and elaborate place as a central resource in cultural entrepreneurship and new venture creation in deprived contexts.     

Enige ervaringen met economisch-technische bedrijfsmodellen

Summary The raw material entering a factory at one end passes through 7 successive production stages; at the fifth stage a second raw material is added, and at each of the 7 stages a certain fraction of the material being processed has to be scrapped. Equations are developed for the yield and for the economic profit of this production process taking into account the production capacities of the various stages, the production costs, the cost of the raw materials, and the prices obtained for the final product and for the scrapped material. From these equations expressions for the elasticities are derived giving the relative changes in profit resulting from small relative changes in the influencing factors. Likewise an expression is developed for the overall operating efficiency of the production process. The use of the formulae is illustrated by a numerical example, for which the rigidities, that is the efforts required in order to increase the profit by a fixed amount through changes in the influencing factors, are also estimated.     

基于生命周期视角的中小企业战略创新策略研究

中小企业对于经济增长、技术进步和大企业发展起到突出的作用。企业生命周期通常分为初创期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期四个阶段,不同的生命阶段,中小企业具有不同的特征。战略创新是在动态的环境中,企业为适应长期发展的需要对现有战略做出的根本性的变更,不同的发展阶段,中小企业战略创新的要点也不同。     

Human Nature from a Catholic Perspective

Catholic views on personhood and human nature include emphasis on the dignity of each person, from womb to tomb. The claims made for this inviolable dignity invariably stem from the recognition that all human beings, regardless of their state of dependency, are made in the image of God and are thus the bearers of certain moral rights. But in our fallen state that image is wounded and needs to be repaired. Hence, Christians need to learn to recapitulate the life of Christ in their own lives by growing through the stages of human life according to the model that He presents to us. There are not only individual but corporate aspects to this growth. Catholic Social Teaching offers insights on the corporate and social condition in which we find ourselves. It has a healthy respect for the economic laws of the market and for the technical intricacies of efficient decision‐making processes in local, national, and world economies, but out of respect for human nature there are moral norms that need to be respected and that may never be violated. On the topic of property and private ownership, considerable attention is given to the very purpose of private property (namely, to provide individuals with a kind of independence that enhances their ability to do their duties to their dependence and that extends their freedom). But always correlated with this defense of private property is a sense of the social demands on private property that come from the common good and the communal purpose of all earthly goods.     

Model for planning the location and size of urban schools

This paper describes a model to be used in the evaluation of educational policy relative to the location and concentration of school plants within an urban environment. The model attempts to consider these decisions in terms of the broad factors that determine the effectiveness of these decisions, and is therefore highly aggregate. Several submodels are described, the urban submodel, the school submodel, the effectiveness submodel and the cost submodel. The urban submodel is described by area units which are defined by their location and their socioeconomic characteristics. The school submodel is described by functional classifications of school plant space requirements and personnel staffing ratios. The effectiveness submodel is described by measures of achievement and the racial and socioeconomic composition of the school attendance area. The cost submodel is described by initial capital and operating cost estimates of the school system. The operational measures that are the output of the above two submodels are used as a quantitative basis for the selection among alternate policies. No attempt is made to maximize these decisions relative to a defined utility function.     

The Role of Green Collaborative Strategies in Improving Environmental Sustainability in Supply Chains: Insights from a Case Study

This article aims to quantify to what extent collaborative strategies are more effective than internal or organization‐level actions to green supply chains. In this regard, the impact of decisions made at different stages of a supply chain in a product's carbon footprint is quantified. Organizational and product carbon footprints are calculated using the Compound Method Based on Financial Accounts (MC3). The results underline that concentrating reduction efforts in some stages of the supply chain is more effective than implementing individual actions by the participants. Collaboration among the participants is needed to decide what practices are implemented, at what stage they are needed and how they are to be implemented. This article adds to the literature on supply chains and sustainability. Previous research suggests that collaborative strategies have great potential for reducing the carbon footprint of products, while indicating the need for empirical research to support this statement. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Technological capability assessment of a firm in the electricity sector

The importance of technological capability enhancement in today's highly competitive and demanding business environment is well accepted. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the elements of strategic, tactical and supplementary capabilities, all of which together constitute the technological capability of a firm. In addition, the methodology includes the assessment of the steering capability of the firm in its analytical framework. The proposed methodology comprises five steps: identification of value addition stages performed by a firm; determination of technological capabilities needed at these stages; development of indicators for assessing the identified technological capabilities; benchmarking the capabilities assessed with a state-of-the-art firm; and analysis of the reasons for the technological capability gap between the firm being studied and the state-of-the-art firm.The development of the indicators is illustrated using a firm from the electricity sector. Some suggestions are then made as to how the assessment exercise can be used for technological capability enhancement planning. Special attention is paid to specific external and internal factors that can influence technological capability enhancement. Policy makers are often interested in examining the benefits and disbenefits of assessment exercises such as the one proposed in this paper. This aspect is also addressed briefly and some suggestions are made as to how problems, that could arise out of the findings of the assessment exercises, may be managed.