SA8000的经济学分析

本文首先介绍了SA8000的基本知识，然后从经济学角度对SA8000的影响进行了分析，最后为发展中国家提出了应对的建议。     

A theory of subjective compound lotteries

We develop a Savage-type model of choice under uncertainty in which agents identify uncertain prospects with subjective compound lotteries. Our theory permits issue preference; that is, agents may not be indifferent among gambles that yield the same probability distribution if they depend on different issues. Hence, we establish subjective foundations for the Anscombe-Aumann framework and other models with two different types of probabilities. We define second-order risk as risk that resolves in the first stage of the compound lottery and show that uncertainty aversion implies aversion to second-order risk which implies issue preference and behavior consistent with the Ellsberg paradox.     

The price analysis of Chinese high-speed economic growth

Accelerating economic development in various countries today is the common demands. In the past 20 years, China created an economic development miracle, but also highlighted the depletion of resources, the deterioration of ecological, unfair distribution, the income gap and other social issues. The article analyses the causes of the price and the countermeasures.     

设备选型的技术经济分析

在企业建设和发展过程中,设备选型是一个重要环节,制定先进、适用、合理的设备选型方法,是企业设备管理部门的重要任务.论文从技术和经济两个方面阐述了设备选型应遵循的原则,并进行了方案选择的技术经济分析,为企业设备选择提供了经济可行的方法.     

克林顿政府的对外经济政策调整过程分析

20世纪90年代,克林顿政府在美国对外经济战略转变过程中起到了决定性作用,为美国经济发展注入了新的生命力.本文试对克林顿在任美国总统期间美国的对外经济政策转变过程做出分析.     

The prospects for caring: economic theory and policy analysis

This paper examines three distinguishing features of caring:that it involves the development of a relationship, that caringresponsibilities and needs are unequally distributed and thatsocial norms influence the allocation of care and caring responsibilities,to draw out their implications for analysing caring and itsmovement between unpaid and paid economies. Rising opportunitycosts of caring are found to produce pressures experienced indifferent ways across different sectors of the economy. These,coupled with inequalities in care responsibilities and labourmarket opportunities, influence the movement of care betweenpaid and unpaid economies. This analysis is then used to examinethe likely evolution of caring norms and practices and how policymight intervene to avoid an uncaring future.     

The economic impacts of river rehabilitation: A regional Input-Output analysis

We developed a model to predict the impacts of river rehabilitation activities on the local economy. The model is based on the Input-Output analysis technique and was applied to the planned rehabilitation project for the River Thur in northern Switzerland, along the 4 km stretch between the communities of Bürglen and Weinfelden. We estimated changes in local employment and local economic output resulting from government spending on rehabilitation, associated changes in adjacent land use, and increased recreational activity. Accounting for land use changes required a modification of the conventional Input-Output analysis technique which should be of general interest. We accounted for uncertainty in the data and in some of the model assumptions by using a probabilistic formulation and propagating uncertainty through the model equations. As time-consuming local surveys were beyond the scope of this study, we used the Location Quotient non-survey technique to construct the local technical coefficients from national data and local employment data. This implies that the model can be applied quite easily to a different study area in Switzerland as long as local employment data are available. For each CHF 1 million expenditure per year on rehabilitation activities in our study region, we estimate an extra 8 fulltime employment equivalents (standard deviation, σ = 0.4 fte) and an increased output of CHF 1.4 million (σ = CHF 0.05 million). The low uncertainty of these estimates can be partly attributed to the structure of Input-Output analysis and partly to the fact that we estimated changes in the economic output, rather than output itself. In addition to the above impacts, we estimate that increased recreational use of the area will increase output by as much as CHF 0.17 million (σ = CHF 0.12 million) and employment by as much as 1.7 fulltime employment equivalents (σ = 1.3 fte), depending on the specific rehabilitation option selected.     

电-袋除尘器经济技术性分析

本文以一套200MW除尘设备为例，通过对单用电除尘器、单用布袋除尘器与单用电-袋除尘器三者在本体投资、运行费用、大修及维护费用和环境效益方面费用的比较，论证备袋除尘器在经济方面费用所需较少。通过对电．袋除尘器机理及结构的分析，论证了电-袋除尘器的技术性优势。     

Persuasion and economic efficiency. The cost-benefit analysis of banning abortion

A simple cost-benefit approach to the abortion debate is unlikely to be persuasive if efficiency arguments conflict with widely held concepts of justice or rely on improbable notions of consent. Illustrative of the limitations of economic analyses are the models proposed by Meeks and Posner to make a case against abortion on demand. Meeks posits a tradeoff between the consumer surplus women gain from access to abortion and the expected loss of earnings that would have accrued to the aborted conceptuses. From here, Meeks derives the critical price elasticity that equates welfare gains and losses and argues that a ban on abortion represents a Kaldor-Hicks improvement in welfare if the price elasticity of demand falls above the critical level. Basic to his model are several questionable assumptions: an independence of ability to pay for an abortion and income, all women who select abortion have the same linear demand for the procedure, an abortion ban would eliminate the practice of abortion, economic efficiency generally requires slavery, and the morally relevant population includes the unborn. Posner, on the other hand, argues that an abortion ban would be efficient if the average surplus lost by a woman who chooses not to break the law is less than half the average value of the fetus saved. He assumes that it takes 1.83 abortions avoided to increase the population by 1 individual and favors reducing the current abortion rate by 30% rather than banning the procedure. Although Posner's model does not require specification of any particular value for the fetus, it neglects the increased health risk for pregnant women of illegal abortion. Moreover, Posner assumes that all women obey the law if it is in their economic interest to do so. Detrimental to both models is an assumption that sound normative judgments can be made on the basis of average values for observable data and the goal of maximizing wealth is logically prior to the specification of individual rights. It is concluded that economic arguments can be persuasive on the abortion issue only if there is agreement that cost-benefit analysis is an appropriate basis for decision making.     

武广高铁的经济效应分析

在抓住当前高铁对地方经济的影响这一重要经济现象的同时,分析了高铁对三个省区的经济效应。同时,从加强城市建设、发展生态旅游、做好产业布局、强化制度创新、完善交通网络等方面提出了应对高铁经济挑战的对策,具有较强的现实意义。     

An economic analysis of mixing wastes

Using a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous waste, this paper studies optimal waste policy when households have to exert separation effort to produce homogeneous waste streams suitable for recycling. Our model explicitly allows for changes in the composition (quality) of waste streams depending on how much effort households are willing to spend on separating different types of waste. Accordingly, we are able to generalize some earlier contributions to the waste management literature and demonstrate that with both mixing and effort included, a first-best optimum is feasible under reasonable conditions. In particular, we find that a (modified) deposit-refund system still provides the optimal incentives to guide recycling as well as legal disposal (landfilling) and illegal dumping. Both the number and level of taxes and subsidies needed to reach the first-best depend crucially on the socially optimal level of dumping as well as the socially optimal composition of the mix. We are grateful to two anonymous referees, Leon Bettendorf, Elbert Dijkgraaf, Don Fullerton and Matthieu Glachant for constructive comments and useful discussions on an earlier version of this paper.     

Reducing ambiguity in lotteries: evidence from a field experiment

Ambiguity about the chances of winning represents a key aspect in lotteries. By means of a controlled field experiment, we exogenously vary the degree of ambiguity about the winning chances of lotteries organized to incentivize the contribution for a public good. In one treatment, people have been simply informed about the maximum number of potential participants (i.e. the number of lottery tickets released). In a second treatment, this information has been omitted as in all traditional lotteries. Our general finding shows that simply reducing the degree of ambiguity of the lottery leads to a sizable and significant increase (67%) in the participation rate. This result is robust to alternative prize configurations.     

对企业技术创新自我实现的经济学分析

本文从经济学的理论角度分析了企业技术创新自我实现的可能性.分析发现:产品被成熟生产后的产量与资本报酬和资本边际生产率的大小有直接关系.因此,企业发展内部本身就可以通过市场供需调节来实现创新的循环和延续.从这一点上说,国家对于企业技术创新的鼓励政策应该更加依靠市场机制的作用.     

药物经济学循证方法浅析

药物经济学评价方法在国际上已得到广泛应用,而国内相关药物政策中也越来越多地提到要使用经济性作为重要参考指标。笔者研究认为,对于经过较充分临床研究的药物治疗手段而言,可以采用基于循证证据的经济学评价,以提高效率和降低成本。本文讨论了药物经济学循证方法的意义与局限性,并基于其内在特征进行了初步分析和探讨。     

Interdisciplinary policy analysis in economic forecasting

Economic policy formulation suffers from many ills, not the least of which is a basic inadequacy in the methods of long-range economic forecasting. This article discusses the need for a longer time perspective in economic policy and the shortcomings of current methods in regard to philosophical assumptions, theoretical limitations, economic modeling problems, and institutional issues. Interdisciplinary policy modeling is suggested as a partial solution to these shortcomings, and two examples are offered—one in regional policy simulation and other in world food-supply modeling.     

Negative recency, randomization device choice, and reduction of compound lotteries

We report an experiment in which subjects are not indifferent between real-money lotteries implemented with randomization devices that are equivalent under the Reduction Axiom. Instead, choice behavior is consistent with subjective distortion of conditional probability, and this persists in treatment conditions that control for (i) computational limitations and (ii) possible confounding by ratio bias.     

The economic spin

In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers, of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they don’t.     

The economic analysis of offender’s choice: Old and new insights

The economics of crime has followed the basic Becker model (1968), according to which a criminal act results from a rational decision based on cost-benefit analysis. This paper surveys some extensions to Becker’s model, by giving some emphasis to earlier work that tries to explain differences in offender’s choice across places. At the end, the paper analyses the contribution of Steven Levitt (the new Gary Becker), which has stimulated an empirical renaissance in the economic analysis of crime. His new book (co-author Dubner) Freakonomics (2005) offers a new argument in understanding why crime fell in the 1990s in the USA. I am very grateful to an anonymous referee for his valuable comments, which improved the final version of this paper. I would also like to thank Steven Levitt for sending me his unpublished work. The usual disclaimer applies.