上市金融企业高管薪酬体系及其监管制度催生

以我国上市金融企业为样本,采用实证研究的方法分析金融企业高管薪酬与绩效的相关性及其影响因素。研究发现,我国上市金融企业高管薪酬与公司绩效之间没有明显的相关性,高管的固定薪酬在整体薪酬中仍然占有较大比重并且相对稳定,其整体薪酬受到市场绩效指标影响的程度比财务绩效指标的程度高。这说明我国上市金融企业薪酬结构设计存在基本薪酬过于稳定且在整体薪酬中占比较高;薪酬设计缺乏弹性;对高管的薪酬激励主要以短期为主,缺乏与绩效挂钩的中长期激励等问题。须结合我国国情,对我国上市金融企业高管薪酬进行制度设计。     

经营环境、高管薪酬与会计信息质量

将我国转型时期企业外部经营环境和内部治理相结合,以2007—2014年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了经营环境对高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的影响。研究发现,经营环境越好,高管薪酬越高;企业经营环境对于高管薪酬之于会计信息质量具有显著的抑制作用;进一步回归结果表明,经营环境对民营企业高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的抑制作用比国有企业更强;另外,经营环境对保护性行业高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的影响明显小于竞争性行业。该研究结果丰富了会计信息质量影响因素的相关文献,不仅为宏观经营环境对微观企业的影响提供了经验证据,也为企业薪酬契约的设计提供参考依据。     

CEO compensation and firm performance in Japan: Evidence from new panel data on individual CEO pay

Prior studies on Japanese executive compensation have been constrained by the lack of longitudinal data on individual CEO pay. Using unique 10-year panel data on individual CEO's salary and bonus of Japanese firms from 1986 to 1995, we present the first estimates on pay-performance relations for Japanese CEO compensation. Specifically we find consistently that Japanese CEO's cash compensation is sensitive to firm performance (especially accounting measures), and that the “semi-elasticity” of CEO's cash compensation with respect to ROA is 1.3 to 1.4, which is in general agreement with prior estimates elsewhere. As such, our estimates do not support that Japanese corporate governance is unusually defunct with regard to the significance and size of the sensitivity of CEO compensation to accounting profitability. On the other hand, to be consistent with the literature on Japanese corporate governance that tends to downplay the role of shareholders and stress the role of banks and employees, we find that stock market performance tends to play a less important role in the determination of Japanese CEO compensation. Finally, we find that the bonus system makes CEO compensation more responsive to firm performance in Japan. The finding is in contrast to the literature on compensation for regular employees in Japan which often argues that bonus is a disguised base wage. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (1) (2006) 1–19.     

When Do Firms Adjust Bonus Targets Intrayear? Evidence from Sales Executives' Targets*

This study investigates when and why intrayear bonus target revisions occur. This is important as intrayear target revisions occur regularly in practice but are not well understood. Specifically, we analyze two potential drivers of intrayear bonus target revisions: reduced managerial incentives owing to managers dropping out of the incentive zone of their piecewise defined bonus function and potential spillovers from planning target revisions that reflect changes in performance expectations during the year. We also investigate the effects of organizational characteristics on intrayear bonus target revisions. Using data collected from sales executives via multiple waves of surveys, we find evidence for both predicted drivers. In addition, consistent with our predictions, we find that the levels of delegated decision authority, intrafirm interdependencies, and information asymmetry negatively moderate the positive association between reduced managerial incentives and revision likelihood. Our paper contributes to the target setting literature by being the first study to investigate intrayear bonus target revisions and shed light on when firms commit to not revising such targets intrayear.     

薪酬政策、经营业绩与国有上市公司高管薪酬——基于国有上市公司分类的实证研究

国有企业员工薪酬体系优化与员工激励机制建设一直是国企改革的重点。为此,对高管薪酬制度现状以及国有企业高管薪酬政策等相关文献进行系统分析,梳理影响国有上市公司高管薪酬的因素,建立面板数据分析模型,选取2010—2020年中国国有上市公司样本,探究不同类型的国有上市公司高管薪酬与经营业绩、薪酬政策的关系。研究发现,高管薪酬政策与经营业绩对两种类型的国有上市公司的高管薪酬具有显著的正向影响。基于研究结论,从政府薪酬管制、公司治理、增强高管薪酬的业绩敏感性、改进薪酬激励的方式等角度,分别对两类国有上市公司提出管理建议。     

Executive Cash Compensation and Corporate Performance During Different Economic Cycles*

Current practice of management cash compensation is based on financial targets. The financial targets for a year may be above, equal to, or below the previous year's publicly available performance measures based in part on the prevailing economic conditions. Accordingly, during economic downturn, a flat relation between changes in management cash compensation and simple changes in corporate performance, like annual profits or return on equity, is predicted, while during economic growth, a positive relation is predicted between changes of management cash compensation and corporate performance measures. The evidence in this study is based on the period 1987‐95. Pooled, cross‐sectional results are consistent with the propositions of no relation between changes in management cash compensation and changes in measures of corporate performance during periods of economic downturn and significant positive relation during economic growth. Further sensitivity analysis of these results with respect to market‐based performance measures, size, and industry classifications confirm the main results.     

Deferred Executive Compensation Policies in Chinese State-owned Enterprises

Since the commencement of industrial reform in China, most Chinese state‐owned enterprises have adopted a deferred executive compensation policy to provide incentives for their management teams. However, the effectiveness of such a policy needs to be evaluated. In this paper, we specify a model of deferred executive compensation policy, in which the compensation for executives is contingent on firms' future revenue. The model suggests that under deferred executive compensation policies, managers exhibit an increasing level of effort in every period. Furthermore, the deferred compensation policy encourages managers to make long‐term investments, which might generate revenue even after the termination of managerial contracts.     

会计信息质量对高管薪酬业绩敏感性影响

文章对会计信息质量对高管薪酬业绩敏感度的影响的相关问题进行定量的研究,通过分组回归实证考察了会计信息质量对高管薪酬业绩敏感性的影响,得出结论:在同等情况下,上市公司会计信息质量越高,其高管薪酬业绩敏感性越高。     

经理人市场对高管薪酬的影响—来自高管跳槽现象的证据

基于2007－2014年A股上市公司数据，从高管跳槽现象的视角，对经理人市场如何影响高管薪酬进行探究。研究发现，公司在发生高管跳槽之后会显著提高现任高管的薪酬，尤其是基于股权的薪酬。现任高管的薪酬提升幅度与其在经理人市场上的流动性有关，也与跳槽高管的特征（对原公司的重要性、新工作的吸引力）有关。同时，通过引入倾向得分匹配（ PSM）模型，发现发生高管跳槽的公司在事前有显著的薪酬劣势，而事后的加薪使这些公司显著的薪酬劣势消失。另外，加薪措施能够有效地防止现任高管的跳槽。研究结果说明，经理人市场中的高管跳槽行为是公司薪酬政策的重要决定因素之一。     

Executive pay in Japan: the role of bank-appointed monitors and the Main Bank relationship

A feature of tournament models is that executive compensation is not independent of the wages paid at lower levels of the corporate hierarchy. Agency models show that compensation based on firm performance is a means by which incentives can be provided to executives once a promotion tournament has been resolved. In this paper, we combine elements of both models and show that the existence of an outsider who monitors the firm’s activities will lower the sensitivity of pay to firm performance for top executives and reduce the importance of tournament-based incentives. Using panel data for 55 Japanese electronics firms, we find support for the notion that bank-appointed Board members help monitor top executives and that tournament considerations are a particularly important feature of executive compensation in Japan.     

Managerial Discretion and Task Interdependence in Teams

This study investigates whether task interdependence in teams alters the effectiveness of managerial discretion in motivating team performance. Teams are particularly useful when employees' tasks are interdependent—that is, when the degree to which the increase in team performance resulting from a team member's effort depends on the effort and skills of the other team members. The reason is that the more interdependent tasks are, the more employees need to coordinate their actions and help one another to achieve their objectives. Prior research analyzing settings where task interdependence is absent suggests that providing managers with discretion over team bonus allocation can improve team performance relative to equal team bonus allocations because it strengthens the link between contributions to team output and rewards. Economic theory suggests that managerial discretion will also improve team performance when task interdependence is present and information is efficiently used. However, we use behavioral theory to predict that managerial discretion is less effective in the presence of task interdependence, because managers do not fully incorporate all relevant information into bonus decisions and because managerial discretion hurts coordination and helping, which is particularly problematic under task interdependence. We find that while discretion over compensation has a positive effect on team performance relative to equal bonus allocation when task interdependence is absent, it has a negative effect when task interdependence is present. Additional analyses provide support for our underlying theory. Results of our study contribute to both theory and practice by suggesting that, ironically, managerial discretion may be most useful when the potential benefits of employing teams are lowest and least useful when the potential benefits are highest. Our results help explain why firms often grant managers only partial or no discretion over team members' compensation.     

上市公司高管薪酬现实状况、变化趋势与决定因素:1999～2009

以1999～2009年中国上市公司的全样本面板数据,对中国上市公司高管薪酬的现实状况、变化趋势与决定因素分析表明,中国竞争性行业上市公司总经理的薪酬决定基本遵循了市场的决定逻辑,治理机制也发挥了一定的作用;而垄断性行业上市公司总经理的薪酬由于行业的行政性垄断性质,使其在决定机制上偏离了市场原则,尽管其利用政治激励等方式使其薪酬水平在绝对意义上相对较低,但这一措施却扭曲了公司治理机制的正常作用。在其他条件一定的情况下,企业的政府控制特别是中央政府控制,由于其委托-代理链条的延长,使企业高管薪酬比私有产权控制企业相对更高。     

高管薪酬、股权激励与公司绩效的相关性检验

国内外理论界对于高管薪酬激励与公司绩效关系的研究尚未得出较为一致的结论,尤其是在高管薪酬与其自身持股比例、高管薪酬与公司股权集中度上,在实证结果中存在较大分歧。因此,如何把影响高管薪酬激励水平和公司绩效的种种因素合理的纳入模型中就显得尤为关键。在综述前人研究成果的基础上,将上证180和深证100指数中的成分股作为样本,通过多元回归分析检验我国大型上市公司高管薪酬、股权激励与公司绩效的相关性,从而在理论上为我国高管薪酬制度改革提供一定的理论依据和实证支持。     

股权集中、行业竞争与薪酬业绩牵扯:由我国上市公司生发

对上市公司股权集中度、行业竞争度对薪酬业绩敏感性影响的研究发现:股权集中度与薪酬业绩敏感性呈现倒U形关系。当股权集中度达到较高水平,即第一大股东绝对控股后,与国有企业相比,民营企业的大股东监督对薪酬业绩敏感性的替代作用更强。在外部治理方面,行业竞争度与薪酬业绩敏感性显著正相关,表明高竞争强度可以在一定程度上强化薪酬契约的激励作用。     

Long‐Run Trends in Australian Executive Remuneration: BHP, 1887–2012

Outside the United States, little is known of long‐run trends in executive compensation. We fill this gap by studying BHP Billiton, a resources giant that has long been one of the largest companies on the Australian stock market. From 1887 to 2012, trends in CEO and director remuneration (relative to average earnings) follow a U‐shape. This matches the pattern for US executive compensation, Australian top incomes, and (for the past two decades) average trends in executive compensation in top Australian firms. Like the United States, Australia experienced a post‐war ‘great compression’ prior to the recent ‘great divergence’.     

Corporate Governance Reform and Executive Incentives: Implications for Investments and Risk Taking

We investigate the mechanism through which the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was associated with changes in corporate investment strategies. We document that the passage of the governance regulations in SOX was followed by a significant decline in pay‐performance sensitivity (Delta) and incentives to take risk (Vega) in CEOs' compensation contracts. These changes in compensation contracts are related to a decline in investments, including research and development expenditures, capital investments and acquisitions. Moreover, consistent with the rules in SOX directly affecting CEOs' incentives to take risk, we document that the decline in investments exceeds the amount that would be expected from changes in compensation packages alone. Finally, we also find evidence that the changes in investments are related to lower operating performances of firms, suggesting that these changes were costly to investors. Our evidence speaks to the debate on how corporate governance regulation interacts with firms' and managers' incentives, and ultimately affects corporate operating and investment strategies. Our study suggests that one indirect cost of such regulations in SOX is the significant reductions in corporate risk‐taking activities in the post‐SOX period. The changes in investments were in part due to changes in executive compensation contracts and in part related to increased executives' personal costs of engaging in risky activities.     

同业参照比运气和才能更重要吗——高管薪酬影响因素的探索性研究

针对近年来我国上市公司存在的高管薪酬持续增长现象,文章以我国上市公司2008-2013年的数据为样本,探究了运气、才能、同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响。研究发现：（1）同业参照对高管薪酬的影响远高于运气和才能因素,同业参照因素是高管薪酬最重要的影响因素;（2）在国有企业中,同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是运气因素,最后是高管才能因素;（3）在非国有企业中,高管才能因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是同业参照因素,最后是运气因素。本文的研究意义在于不仅找出谁是高管薪酬最重要影响因素,不同产权性质的企业具有何种表现,也为进一步推进我国高管薪酬制度改革提供理论与经验支持。     

Managers' Discretionary Adjustments: The Influence of Uncontrollable Events and Compensation Interdependence

Discretionary bonus adjustments allow managers to restore the alignment of employee effort and compensation when bonus amounts are based on noisy objective performance measures. The implications of discretionary adjustments for employees' future efforts and fairness perceptions present important trade‐offs for managers to consider. Adjustments may be used to motivate different types of effort in future periods, but may also create perceptions of unfairness among employees who are not affected by negative events. This study examines the joint influence of the likelihood of future negative uncontrollable events and compensation interdependence (i.e., the extent to which one employee's compensation influences others' compensation) on managers' willingness to make adjustments for the effect of a negative uncontrollable event on a single employee. In our experiment, we manipulate the likelihood of future uncontrollable events and whether bonuses are determined individually or are drawn from a shared bonus pool. Results show that managers are less willing to adjust when the likelihood of future events is high to avoid setting a precedent, thereby motivating employees to adapt to changing conditions. We also find that managers are less willing to adjust, regardless of event likelihood, when compensation interdependence is high, to avoid demotivating unaffected employees. Finally, we find that participants' general attitudes toward compensation significantly influence their adjustment decisions beyond the effects of our independent variables. Our results highlight the unique nature of discretionary adjustments, help explain findings from previous research, and demonstrate important considerations managers must make when using the flexibility provided to them in pay‐for‐performance contracts.     

Compensation in the Post‐FIN 48 Period: The Case of Contracting on Tax Performance and Uncertainty

Academic and anecdotal evidence indicates that incentive systems often provide short‐term payouts without regard for long‐term consequences. New detailed disclosures mandated by FIN No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, enable us to use a tax setting to investigate whether boards adjust performance‐based pay for uncertainty. We find managers’ bonus payouts are positively associated with tax performance; however, bonus payouts are lower when measures of ex ante tax uncertainty are higher. Our results are robust to tests of alternative explanations including financial reporting aggressiveness, overall firm risk, and other forms of compensation. Further, we document that the relation between bonus compensation and tax performance has changed in the post‐FIN No. 48 period. Specifically, we identify a significant association between bonus payout and GAAP ETR only in the pre‐FIN No. 48 period and a significant association between bonus payout and cash ETR only in the post‐FIN No. 48 period, suggesting that the relation between compensation and tax avoidance should be examined carefully with particular attention to the post‐FIN No. 48 period.     

我国上市民营企业的高管薪酬、真实盈余管理与审计费用相关性实证研究

本文以2015—2019年沪深主板上市民营企业为研究对象,分别实证研究了高管薪酬与真实盈余管理、真实盈余管理与审计费用的关系,并将三者放入同一研究体系中研究了高管薪酬的调节效应,结果表明:高管薪酬的提高可以抑制真实盈余管理;真实盈余管理与审计费用显著正相关;另外,高管薪酬会降低真实盈余管理与审计费用之间的相关性,因此,制定合理的薪酬机制十分必要。