对以色列经贸市场的分析与探讨

从中国公司的认知角度出发,时以色列的经济状况、中以经贸关系和劳务合作等行业进行分析和探索,对未来两国经贸发展的展望,作为我国企业到以色列开展经贸业务的参考.     

信息水平与经贸方式的关系分析

信息在促进经济发展的同时，以直接或间接的方式改变了一国经贸的发展状况。首先，信息的发展拓展了经贸领域，克服一国经贸发展在时间和空间上的限制，拓展了国与国之间的经贸关系和经贸范围；其次，信息的发展加速了商品结构的更新换代，使一些新的贸易行业在竞争中立足，落后的贸易行业被淘汰，从而优化了贸易结构；最后，信息的发展，使投资者能够更快、更全面地了解东道国的情况，使筹资者能够更好地了解自身的综合水平和投资者的相关资料，从而可以减少一国对外投资和吸引外资盲目性，选择适宜的对外投资和吸引外资方式。总之，经贸是信息发展和应用的前沿阵地，信息的发展增加了国际贸易额，拓展了经济合作领域，缩短了国际贸易的过程，提高了经济合作的效率。     

关于强化信息导向功能的研究

经贸信息工作是为各级领导及时了解情况和科学决策服务的，更是为整个经济发展服务的。但是，经贸信息工作作为一个部门的一项重要工作起步较晚，信息服务的规范化和科学化水平还不高，许多理论和实践问题有待解决。     

经贸部定于今年组织全国经贸知识培训与大奖赛活动

随着我国经贸事业的飞速发展,经贸职工队伍的教育培训工作也取得了较大的发展。为进一步提高经贸行业广大职工的经贸理论和业务知识水平,并在全国经贸行业普及经贸知识,扩大对外经贸工作的宣传和影响,使更多的人了解我国对外经济贸易在整个国民经济中的地位和作用,理解和支持经贸工作,经贸部将于1991年组织并举行全国经贸知识培训与大奖赛活动。     

中国加入WTO：挑战及战略选择

中国加入 WTO,对经济结构和贸易结构将产生较大的风险和挑战。本文通过对经贸结构影响和风险的分析 ,提出了中国加入 WTO后应采取的战略措施     

经贸俄语翻译注意事项

在经贸方面应用的语言,从总体来说是一种公务事务语言,同时也属于一种书面语体.它对行文有着非常严肃的要求,同时也有一定的表达能力的要求,论证内容通常包含确认与纪实两方面的类型,这导致经贸语言约束力比较强.另外,经贸往来并不是一种具有私人性质的交际过程,所以使用语言往往没有较强的感情色彩,也没有一定的形象性或者较为突出的表现能力.而且,经贸语言当中包含了一些套语或者格式内容的划分,具有一定的稳定性特点.这些普遍的语言特点,在经贸俄语当中,往往有一些固定格式或者熟练进行使用的套语,稳定性也通常比较高.这些语言往往有具体的手段或者形式的反应.     

论新兴工业国经贸发展战略

第二次世界大战后至60年代初,新加坡、韩国、墨西哥、阿根廷等国经济还很落后,可从70年代起,它们都逐步发展成为新兴的工业化国家,经贸发展战略的正确选择,是它们成功的一个很重要原因,研究这些国家所实行的经贸发展战略与实现工业化的内在联系,对于我国不同时期的经贸发展战略的制定和调整,具有很重要的意义。     

CEPA:粤台经贸合作的契机与策略

广东是祖国大陆的对台经贸大省,香港是广东对台经贸的重要平台.CEPA的实施不但有效推进了内地特别是珠三角与港澳间的区域经济整合,而且为在CEPA架构下加快粤台经贸交流与合作提供了重要契机.本文旨在CEPA架构下对粤台经贸合作出现的新态势和特点进行剖析,进而提出推进粤台两地经贸合作的相关策略建议.     

WTO:挑战经贸企业

毫无疑问，从长远与全局的角度看，加入WTO，将给湖北经贸企业的发展带来新的前扎未有的机遇。但必须看到的是，长期计划经济体制的影响，以及工艺技术装备同先进发达地区之间的较大差距，也及工艺技术装备同先进发达地区之间的较大差距，也使湖北经贸企业面临着WTO的严峻挑战。从宏观局面看，这种挑战，突出地表现在四个方面。     

保定市经贸人才队伍建设研究

本文基于保定市人才强市战略的实践,以经贸人才队伍建设为切入点,通过对现状及存在问题的梳理,提出加强保定市经贸人才队伍建设的基本路径和建议。     

论河北省农业和农村产业结构的调整与优化

我国加入WTO后，农产品市场逐步开放，农业发展将面临更加激烈的竞争，农业中的矛盾与城乡居民收入、消费、就业结构变动结合在一起，已成为制约新阶段农业和农村经济发展的主要问题。本通过对河北省农业和农村产业结构存在问题及产业结构调整面监障碍的分析，提出了新阶段河北省农业和农村产业结构高速的思路与措施。     

Information And Communication Technology And The Measurement Of Volume Output And Final Demand - A Five-Country Study

Information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. Where quality improvements occur, they should be reflected in official price and quantity indices, otherwise there is a tendency to over-estimate price movements and under-estimate volume changes of ICT products. Statistical offices deal with this issue but the degree and nature of quality-adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably between OECD countries. The present study simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports) and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on a large selection of empirical studies to identify differences between quality-adjusted and unadjusted price changes and uses detailed information from input-output tables to assess their weights in final demand. Effects on GDP and its components are quantified for five selected OECD countries.     

Computers And Growth

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of investment in computers on the growth of the U.S. economy. The economic literature on computers is relatively rich in information on the decline in computer prices and the growth of computer investment. Constant quality price indices for computers have been included in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) since 1986. These indices employ state of the art methodology to capture the rapid evolution of computer technology.

While the annual inflation rate for overall investment has been 3.66 percent for the period 1958 to 1992, computer prices have declined by 19.13 percent per year! Similarly, overall investment grew at 3.82 percent, while investment in computers increased at an astounding 44.34 percent! These familiar facts describe growth in the output of computers. The objective of this paper is to complete the picture by analyzing the growth of computer services as inputs.

In a pioneering paper Bresnahan (1986) has focused on pecuniary externalities arising from the rapid decline in computer prices. Griliches (1992, 1994) has emphasized the distinction between pecuniary and nonpecuniary externalities in the impact of computer investment on growth. This paper is limited to pecuniary externalities or the impact of reductions in computer prices on the substitution of computer services for other inputs. As Griliches (1992) points out, this is an essential first step in identifying nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill-overs’ through the impact of a decline in computer prices on productivity growth. ^{* *}Brynjolfsson (1993) has proveded a detailed survey of studies of nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill overs’. Recent studies include those of Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1994a, 1994b) and Lichtenberg (1993).

In two important papers Stephen D. Oliner (1993, 1994) has introduced a model of computer technology that greatly facilitates the measurement of computer services as inputs. In this paper we estimate computer stocks and flows of computer services for all forms of computer investment included in NIPA. We construct estimates of computer services parallel to NIPA data on computer investment by combining these data with information on computer inventories. For example, the International Data Corporation (IDC) Census of Computer Processors includes an annual inventory of processors in the U.S.

In Section 1 we present data on investment in computers and constant quality price indices from NIPA. These data incorporate important innovations in modeling computer technology stemming from a joint study by IBM and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) completed in 1985. This study utilized a ‘hedonic’ methodology for constructing an econometric model of computer prices that accurately reflects rapid changes in computer technology. This methodology generates an index of computer prices that holds the quality of computers constant.

In Section 2 we present the model of computer services originated by Oliner (1993,1994). This differs in important respects from the model of capital services used in the previous studies of U.S. economic growth surveyed by Jorgenson (1989,1990). The model employed in previous studies is based on the decline in productive capacity with the chronological age of a capital good. Oliner assumes that computers maintain their productive capacity until they are retired. Decline in productive capacity occurs only through removal of used computers from the inventory through retirement.

In Section 3 we construct estimates of stocks of computers that incorporate IDC data on computer inventories and derive the implied flow of computer services. While output of computer investments has grown very rapidly, the input of computer services has grown even faster. The price of these services has declined at 23.22 percent per year over the period 1958 to 1992, while the input of these services has grown at 52.82 percent! This is prima facie evidence of an important role for computer price declines as a source of pecuniary externalities.

In Section 4 we combine computer services with the services of other types of capital to produce a measure of capital input into the U.S. economy. We link this with labor input to obtain the contributions of both inputs to U.S. economic growth, arriving at the growth of productivity as a residual. We find that the contribution of computer services to input into the U.S. economy is far more important than the contribution of computer investments to output. This is a significant step toward resolution of the Solow paradox: ‘We see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics. ^{* *}Robert M. Solow, quoted by Brynjolfsson (1993). Declines in computer prices generate very sizable pecuniary externalities through the substitution of computer services for other inputs. By contrast Solow focuses on nonpecuniary externalities that would appear as productivity growth.

In Section 5 we conclude that information on inventories of computers is critical in quantifying the role of computer services as inputs. The constant quality price indices for computers incorporated into NIPA are also essential. A price index for computers that reflects only general trends in inflation would result in a highly distorted perspective on the growth of GDP and capital services, especially during the past decade. To capture the contribution of all forms of investment to U.S. economic growth, similar price indices should be included in NIPA for capital goods with rapidly evolving technologies, as proposed by Gordon (1990).

The long term goal should be a unified system of income. product, and wealth accounts, like that proposed by Laurits Christensen and Jorgenson (1973) and Jorgenson (1980). This incorporates capital stocks, capital services, and their prices. Achieving this goal will necessitate much greater elaboration of the accounting system described in Section 3. These accounts would incorporate data on prices and quantities of investment, stocks of assets, and capital services for all forms of capital employed in the U.S. economy.     

银行会计风险防范的具体建议与对策

防范银行会计风险是一项系统工程 ,涉及到银行工作的方方面面 ,需要按照社会主义市场经济的要求 ,认真贯彻会计的谨慎性原则 ,不断建立、健全各种防范机制 ,构建高效的会计风险监督保障系统 ,进一步加强银行会计信息的披露与揭示 ,提高信息的使用价值 ,才能有效化解目前我国商业银行潜在的和现实的会计风险     

Marshallian Externalities And The Emergence And Spatial Stability Of Technological Enclaves *

Technological dualism often is found to be associated with the geographical clustering of firms that use the same techniques. To shed further light on these localization phenomena, we analyze the long-run dynamic behavior of a system in which firms' choices among alternative production methods (each of which requires a technique-specific input) are influenced by both firm-specific random shocks and Marshallian ‘industrial neighborhood’ effects. The latter are local factor market externalities that tend to lower the relative marginal costs d those inputs that are used most extensively in the immediate locale. The model developed here focuses on labor market externalities affecting the supply conditions for workers with technology-specific skills, and their effect on the choices made by producers at various sites whose choice of technique is subject to periodic revisions. A special structure familiar in the applied theory of Markov random fields, the stochastic Ising model. provides a reduced-form representation of this dynamic spatial system. The general properties of models of this type and their application in economics are considered. Discrete time numerical simulations of the behavior of an ensemble of firms (located at the nodes of a finite lattice formed on a two-dimensional (orus) shows that positive neighborhood externalities effects do not necessarily result in the uniquitous diffusion of one of the two available technologies. Instead. this system exhibits a spatially localized form of ‘technological dualism," in which at least two technological enclaves emerge and undergo path-dependent evolution. The temporal durations of these spatial patterns in technology adoption are affected by parameters of the Ising model that can be given a straightforward economic interpretation     

Habits And Durability In Consumption And The Effects Of Exchange Rate Policies

The effects of exchange rate policies are worked out in a model in which consumption goods are durable, and money enters the utility function. The interaction of habits and durability results in a non-monotonic adjustment of consumption expenditures, and the current account. As money does not exhibit durability, its dynamics are montonic, and determined mainly by habits effects. Hence, an increase in the rate of depreciation of the domestic currency will very likely lead to a nomonotonic adjustment of consumption and the current account, while the adjustment of real money holdings will be monotonic [F31, F32, F41]     

Extraneous Alternatives And Strategy-Proofness

It is well known that the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem cannot be circumvented by adding extraneous alternatives that are included in the individual preference information but are never selected. We generalize this by proving that, for any domain on which every strategy-proof rule is dictatorial, the addition of extraneous alternatives will not permit the construction of a non-dictatorial and strategy-proof rule if the new domain is a product set. We show how this result, and our other theorem, can be applied to seven families of social choice situations, including those in which more than one alternative is selected.     

论社会主义与资本

资本是市场经济的一般范畴，它具有增殖价值的自然属性，但也反映特定的生产关系。在社会主义市场经济的条件下，深刻认识资本的“一般”和“特殊”，重视和充分发挥资本对社会主义的作用，利用资本理论为国有企业改革和发展服务，意义重大而深远。