Evolving Marketing Channels for Beef and Lamb in the United Kingdom-

This paper investigates the effects of: (1) recent changes to food safety legislation; (2) increasing consumer concerns over animal welfare; and (3) further market integration in the European Union on British agribusiness firms involved in marketing beef and lamb. It is hypothesized that these changes will alter the transaction costs associated with marketing these products. As a result, there is likely to be a reduction in the number of animals sold for slaughter through traditional auction markets and an increase in direct contracting or strategic alliances between supermarkets and farmers' marketing cooperatives.     

川西山区农村土地承包经营权流转现状及制约因素分析——以四川省雅安市为例

该文为了揭示川西山区农村土地承包经营权流转现状及制约因素,通过问卷调查、实地访谈、比较分析法对其进行了相关分析研究。研究结果表明:主要的制约因素包括人均耕地面积少,农户对土地的依赖性强,农民对流转的相关法律法规知之甚少,城乡结合部和远离城市的偏远地区土地收益等差距较大。在此基础上,针对流转现状及制约因素,提出了加强对承包经营权政策的宣传、加快土地流转市场培育等建议。     

奶牛养殖废弃物处理研究-以密云县为例

实地调研了密云奶牛养殖及废弃物处理的基本情况,分析了养殖废弃物对环境的污染,提出牛粪、牛尿、污水等废弃物资源化途径和密云发展奶牛养殖循环农业的对策建议。     

我国矿山固体废弃物现状与对策分析

大量矿山固体废弃物的产生既是我国固体矿产资源特点决定的,也是我国千百年矿业开发的历史积累,更是矿产资源利用不合理的结果。通过讨论我国矿山固体废弃物的现状、资源储量及其与矿山生态环境的密切关系,从综合利用、科技创新、优惠扶持政策、产业化道路、加强法制建设、土地复垦方面,做出了相应的对策分析,得出了经济有效的综合利用是矿山固体废弃物综合治理的最关键问题。     

城市化进程中农村土地制度改革的构想

中国的基本国情是人多地少 ,土地是中国农民的主要生产资料和唯一的社会保障。文章在论述家庭土地承包经营对城市化进程的有利与不利两方面影响的基础上 ,提出稳定家庭土地联产承包制 ,调整承包期、界定土地产权关系、建立农民承包土地使用权流转机制、建立健全农村社会保障体系等农村土地改革和土地制度创新的构想     

低碳经济下畜牧业发展问题与对策研究

发展低碳经济对畜牧业健康可持续发展和促进粮食安全具有重要意义。文章利用文献分析和统计数据分析法对低碳经济发展内涵和重要性进行阐述,并分析畜牧业发展对环境和粮食安全的影响。结果显示,传统畜牧业向低碳畜牧业的转型过程中存在农村居民的环保意识薄弱、干部对环保工作重视程度不够、自主研发技术水平低、相关政策法规不健全、监管存在漏洞等瓶颈问题。并从加强政策引导,增强低碳意识;加强营养调控,改进饲料加工工艺;加大科技创新力度,增加对畜牧业资金扶持;加强畜禽污染废弃物的资源化利用;大力发展循环畜牧养殖模式等方面提出促进低碳畜牧业发展的对策建议,以期为我国畜牧业的健康可持续发展奠定理论基础。     

What kind of labour regime is contract farming? Contracting and sharecropping in Java compared

This article compares contract farming with share tenancy, another labour regime in which smallholder farmers are bound by contract to deliver produce to another, usually more powerful party. Based on research in the Javanese village of Kaliloro, we explore contracting and sharecropping as labour regimes, each with their own specific mechanisms of surplus transfer from producers to non-producers. The cases compared are sharecropping of irrigated rice, contract farming of watermelon, and contract farming of poultry. There are important differences in how labour inputs are organized, how decisions are made, how costs are divided between landowner/contractor and farmer, and in the mechanisms of surplus transfer between the contracting parties. Exploring these differences allows us to understand and compare the role of the two labour regimes in the penetration of capital into the rural economy. Neither contract farming nor share tenancy are in themselves “win-win” or “win-lose” relationships, good or bad for small-scale cultivators. The actual balance of burdens and benefits—often contravening the provisions of written contracts or state regulation—is determined by power relations between the contracting parties.     

迈向“无废管理”:内涵、挑战及对策

建设“无废城市”的关键在于实现城市的“无废管理”。国外已有经验表明,作为一种整体性治理方案,无废管理并不寻求模式的统一,而是体现出很强的灵活性和实践导向性。在梳理国外无废管理缘起与进展基础上,分析、总结了无废管理的内涵、特征及面临的挑战。借鉴东京无废管理经验,并结合我国城市废物治理的特殊性,提出从完善政策制度、弥合管理碎片化、鼓励精益生产和循环经济、倡导绿色消费和垃圾分类共识等方面加快国内无废城市建设的政策建议。     

Separate waste collection in mountain municipalities. A case study in Campania

This paper aims to analyse the impact of land characteristics (i.e. altimetry and housing dispersion) on separate waste collection, with a focus on mountain municipalities. The high spatial heterogeneity of the driving factors of separate waste collection allows traditional techniques, such as OLS, to offer only a partial depiction of the situation, missing important information. In this view, we perform the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which allows to control for the local determinants of waste management. Our data cover 550 municipalities of Campania, in Southern Italy. We control for a set of morphological and socio-economic variables, drawn from official records for 2012. Our results show that the relationships between land characteristics and separate waste collection are not constant over space. Moreover, they suggest that in the presence of non-modifiable factors (such as land characteristics) local governments should act on citizen motivations, promoting awareness on environmental issues, and should implement time-saving collection methods.     

Transaction costs in milk marketing: a comparison between Canada and Great Britain

This study measures the magnitude of transaction costs incurred by milk producers in their contractual relations with dairy processors in two different coordination mechanisms: centralized contracting through a marketing board and decentralized bilateral contracting. Interviews and surveys were conducted to estimate transaction costs faced by producers marketing through the Québec milk marketing board in Canada and bilateral contracts in England and Wales in the United Kingdom using the measurement methodology of the cost of exchange. Our results show that the relative magnitude of transaction costs incurred by producers across both settings is quite low, which indicates that both hybrid coordination mechanisms minimize transaction costs in the dairy sector. However, results from the bilateral contracting setting indicate a strong heterogeneity of transaction costs levels among farmers. In that respect, the milk marketing board and its institutional setting would act as a collective insurance, pooling transaction costs and sharing them among producers. Our analysis leads to recommendations on bilateral contracting.     

Contractual choice and food safety strategy: Empirical findings in the Italian poultry sector

Analysis of contract choice is related here to the contracting nature of hybrid governance structures. First, recent research results on the organization of food safety supply are summarized and some remarks about contracting are proposed, providing the theoretical premises of the study. The approach of empirical analysis is concerned with transactions between farmers and processors in Italian poultry supply chains. The contract arrangement is classified as a hybrid structure, and growers' preferences regarding contract terms are analysed by a choice experiment. Final remarks take into account the role of contract attributes in ensuring the degree of food safety, and give a tentative organizational explanation of the degree of safety supplied. Potential lines of future research are mentioned.     

新疆畜牧养殖经济效益与碳排放脱钩关系的实证研究

党的十八大提出"把推动发展的立足点转到提高质量和效益上来"。新疆作为我国五大牧区之一,研究畜牧养殖业发展质量效益,对第一产业的健康可持续发展有重要的现实意义。畜牧养殖经济效益与碳排放动态关系的研究作为检验畜牧养殖业发展质量效益的前提和重点。因此,笔者根据1997年以来新疆畜牧业增加值作为衡量经济效益指标,根据9类反刍动物肠道发酵和粪便排放所产生的温室气体作为衡量碳排放指标,并利用Tapio脱钩模型,探讨新疆畜牧养殖经济效益与碳排放的脱钩情况,并对其脱钩状态进行分析。结果表明:(1)新疆畜牧养殖碳排放量由1997年的649.71万t增加到2014年的747.33万t,增幅15.03%,年均增长0.83%,呈现"持续上升-快速下降-缓慢上升"3阶段特征。碳排放量和碳排放结构空间差异明显;(2)新疆畜牧养殖经济效益与碳排放呈现"弱脱钩平稳-扩张负脱钩与强负脱钩交替-强脱钩转型"的演进关系,以弱脱钩、强脱钩为主。据此,提出相应建议。     

How much do farmers value their independence?

A farmer's decision to contract or produce independently depends on the distribution of income and the nonpecuniary attributes associated with both business arrangements. The benefits to growers from contracting (such as risk reduction) may be overestimated if the nonpecuniary benefits enjoyed by independent producers (such as the right to make management decisions and own the commodity produced) are not accounted for. This study uses data from a U.S. national survey of hog producers to estimate (1) the difference in expected net returns between contracting and independent production, (2) the premium a representative farmer would pay for the risk reduction provided by a contract, and (3) the premium a farmer would pay for the nonpecuniary benefits associated with independent production. Results indicate that growers have a strong preference for autonomy—with moderately risk‐averse growers being willing to pay more for the attributes of independent production than they would for the risk‐reducing benefits of a contract.     

土地利用类型变化与生态系统服务价值分析——以赤峰市农牧交错带为例

随着经济的快速发展,土地利用变化频繁,生态问题日益凸显。为了探究土地利用与生态系统的密切联系,为生态建设提供理论依据,以内蒙古赤峰市农牧交错带为研究区,基于1997年、2004年和2011年的三期TM影像数据,运用土地利用动态度分析土地利用类型变化,并参照中国陆地生态系统服务价值的计算方法估算出研究区的生态系统服务价值。结果表明,研究区3期的耕、林、草面积均占土地总面积的90%左右;土地利用类型变化明显,在1997~2011年耕地面积先减少后增加,林地面积一直持续增加,草地面积不断减少;研究区的生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势,草地和林地对生态系统服务价值贡献最大,占总价值的85%左右;各土地利用类型的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务价值对所采用的生态服务价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果具有一定可信度。土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值具有直接影响,科学合理利用土地对生态系统具有重要意义。     

农地制度立法背景与内容的沿革

土地制度是农村的基础制度。农村土地制度的核心内容是农地所有制度与农地经营制度。相关立法和制度建设的指导思想经历了两个阶段,第一阶段因过分强调意识形态的土地所有制变革而有失偏颇;第二阶段面对实际,转向土地经营制度变革,并由债权性承包权转变为物权性承包权,也相应延长了承包期限,强化了各项权能。所有制度沿革的线路可以简单地描述为"私有-合作-纯集体公有-产出全国公有-权属公有产出私有",经营制度沿革的线路可以描述为"家庭经营-集体经营-家庭承包-家庭承包经营-双层经营"。     

中国大量进口废纸问题分析

中国是世界进口废纸第一大国。国外废纸的大量涌入对国内外的相关方面产生了一系列的影响。在分析了中国大量进口废纸的现状及中国进口废纸的特点和原因基础上,研究了中国进口废纸的利弊得失,分别从废纸贸易、国内相关产业、生态环境和检验检疫等四个方面论述了中国大量进口废纸产生的影响。最后,针对进口废纸存在的问题,提出了相关对策措施,即发挥行业协会的价格调解机制,进一步促进废纸进口市场多元化,加强进口废纸的检验检疫,提高废纸的回收率。     

中国农村土地调整的时序变化及地区差异——基于1999—2010年17省调查的实证分析

研究目的:基于1999—2010年中国17省农村土地调查数据,分析中国农村的土地调整、农户的调地意愿及其对未来地权稳定性的预期和信心。研究方法:描述分析,列联分析。研究结果:(1)二轮承包后,实际土地调整明显减少,近期则由于征地和土地整理等原因导致土地调整开始增多。(2)支持不得调整土地政策的农户比例显著高于反对的比例,土地承包合同和土地承包经营权证书等正式文件的发放有助于增强农户未来地权稳定性的信心。(3)土地调整的省市差异显著,而且平原地区调地多,丘陵和山区调地少。研究结论:中央政策对稳定农户地权稳定性的信心发挥了积极作用,并得到多数农民的拥护和支持;中央政策应进一步考虑不同地区资源禀赋和经济发展水平的差异,具有一定的弹性和灵活性。     

固体废弃物资源化的现状和前瞻

固体废弃物既是有害于人类的废物。又是可供开发利用的二次资源；分析了我国固体废弃物资源化的情况，介绍了城市固体废弃物资源化的技术进展和发展趋势；提出了工业废弃物资源化的一种新技术和一种集环境、社会、经济三大效益于一体的新思路；提出了加快我国固体废弃物资源化进程的几点建议。     

Formal and informal contract farming in Mozambique: Socially embedded relations of agricultural intensification

This paper explores the role of contract farming arrangements in agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa, combining secondary literature and original case material from Mozambique. The paper extends the scope of “contract farming” beyond the formal contracts between large companies and small-scale producers to include less formal credit agreements between farmers and traders. It argues that such informal contract arrangements are evidence of farmers' agency in “real markets.” In the studied cases, farmers use contract farming opportunities to intensify agricultural production by investing in irrigation and inputs. While informal contracts typically concern locally consumed crops, thus with more possibilities for side selling than formal contracts for export crops with company-controlled markets, informal contract compliance reflects closely knit social ties between the contracting parties. In both formal and informal contracts, purchasers tend to seek out producers who are already irrigating, thus obtaining gains from farmers' earlier investments. This also implies contract farming as a mechanism for accelerating social differentiation arising from unequal access to irrigation. The paper argues that the significance of informal contracts in the studied cases raises the possibility that informal contract farming by local traders plays a more important role in agrarian transformation in Africa than formal contract farming by large companies.     

栾城县农牧关系及畜牧业能流转化效率的分析

该文在分析栾城县现代畜牧业发展及农牧结构演变的基础上,对当地1984～2006年畜牧业饲料供需平衡及能流效率计算,结果表明:1993年以前域内饲料供给可以基本满足当地畜牧业需要,之后供需差距拉大,蛋白饲料短缺是增加系统外压力的最重要来源。畜产品产出能量的商品率由1990年75%上升到2006年93%,能量产投比先上升后下降2000年后趋于稳定。因此粮食主产区现代畜牧业具有高度开放的特点。随着现代畜牧生产机械化、大规模商品化发展,农工牧良性循环对实现现代集约农牧结合起重要作用,并提出能效分析中重视农牧生态系统环境效应评价。