国外实物期权理论和实证研究综述

目前,实物期权方法在投资领域中的应用研究是最热门的前沿课题之一,主要研究期权思想在金融市场以外的投资领域中的应用.在实物期权的实证研究方面,国外许多学者做出了较大贡献.     

风险投资项目的实物期权评价理论

由于风险投资项目具有较高的不确定性,运用传统的投资项目决策的净现值法则不能很好地解决投资决策中面临的较高不确定性问题。文章引入实物期权理论,并应用净现值法则和实物期权理论进行投资决策对比分析,说明在较高不确定性环境下,实物期权理论能够发现不确定的价值,较传统投资决策方法具有一定的优越性。     

风险投资项目的实物期权评价理论

由于风险投资项目具有较高的不确定性,运用传统的投资项目决策的净现值法则不能很好地解决投资决策中面临的较高不确定性问题。文章引入实物期权理论,并应用净现值法则和实物期权理论进行投资决策对比分析,说明在较高不确定性环境下,实物期权理论能够发现不确定的价值,较传统投资决策方法具有一定的优越性。     

实物期权在房地产投资领域的应用

实物期权是以期权概念定义的现实选择权,是金融期权理论在实物资产上的拓展和应用。实物期权的价值来源于公司战略和决策的相应调整。本文分析了实物期权的特点,及它在房地产投资领域应用。     

浅析实物期权在房地产投资运用中的问题

期权理论在金融领域的运用发展已有一段历史了,然而实物期权在项目投资中的运用可谓方兴未艾。房地产作为关乎国计民生的行业。在高速变化的经济环境中．将实物期权引入房地产投资中有利于做出更有价值的决策。本文的主要对相关概念进行探讨,着重分析实务期权在运用过程中需要解决的问题。     

实物期权理论评述

期权定价理论应用到实务投资领域之后,实物期权理论研究方兴未艾,但尚未形成严密的理论体系.本文追溯了期权理论的演进,综合了期权理论的核心思想和理论基础,总结了实物期权的基本假设、应用逻辑、特征、分类和建模方法,比较了实物期权分析与其他传统工具,回顾了国内外的研究现状,并指出未来研究的关注点.     

不确定性下房地产企业的柔性决策机制——基于动态视角的实物期权理论拓展

不确定性是经济以及房地产市场的固有环境。本文基于房地产市场不确定性和融资不确定性的背景,研究了房地产企业在不确定性下的多项目开发投资决策机制。本文将实物期权模型扩展到多资产层面,扩充了柔性决策的内涵;通过蒙特卡洛模拟的方法求解出企业价值函数和土地支付意愿;借助价值函数以及贝尔曼最优化原理,推导了当期最优开发行为;并实证检验了多资产柔性决策机制的现实适用性。本文发现,房地产市场不确定性越高,柔性决策的价值越高,因此企业降低当期开发投资,土地支付意愿增加;而各城市市场相关性会削弱多资产层面柔性决策的价值;融资不确定性越高,企业降低当期开发投资,同时增加高房价城市的相对开发投资。本文从新的角度,揭示了不确定性下房企投资决策机制,有助于更好地理解房地产市场供给端的行为机理,为房地产长效机制建设提供了科学依据。     

实物期权理论在房地产投资时机决策中的应用——基于二叉树模型的实例分析

房地产投资项目中隐含着各种实物期权,运用基于二叉树模型的实物期权理论可以对房地产开发投资项目进行评价,以此做出投资决策。实物期权的应用不仅是对投资机会的选择,更重要的是要考虑对延迟投资和放弃投资的项目价值分析。管理者应当密切关注当前的经济环境变化以及信贷政策的导向,运用实证分析,结合经验进行投资决策分析,做长远的投资规划。     

利用实物期权思想创造金融企业灵活性战略

金融服务企业在做出正确决策时，必须面对包括政策改革、技术更新、行业发展趋势、新竞争者和新业务模式进入以及客户多样性需求等诸多的不确定性。而传统决策方法很难适应瞬息万变的金融竞争环境产生的不确定性，因为它总是假定出现的问题在将来总是可以预见的。本文提出，以实物期权思想为主的灵活性战略理论可以帮助管理者应对复杂的决策环境，制定正确的战略发展规划。     

Optimal Timing of Real Estate Investment under an Asymmetric Duopoly

This paper examines the sub-game equilibrium strategies for a duopoly real option model consisting of two firms with asymmetric demand functions. The relative strength of the firms is found to have significant impact on the firms’ equilibrium strategies. Preemptive strategies are critical if difference in strength between the two competing firms is relatively small. Short bursts and recession induced overbuilding are two outcomes in the asymmetric duopoly model. The model, however, predicts that the two phenomena occur in earlier phases of market cycles, rather than in the state of depression. In a depressed market with high volatility, the leader and the follower will both choose the waiting strategies. Construction cascade is, therefore, not an expected phenomenon in a depressed market in the asymmetric duopoly framework. Please forward your comments to the second author at rststf@nus.edu.sg. Your comments are appreciated. The authors wish to thank Stephen Cauley, Walter Torous, an anonymous referee, and participants in the Singapore–Hong Kong Real Estate Research Symposium on 14–15 July 2005 for their constructive comments and suggestions.     

Mortgage Put Options and Real Estate Markets

In this paper we offer direct evidence that financial intermediation does impact underlying asset markets. We develop a specific observable symptom of a banking system that underprices the put option imbedded in non-recourse asset-backed lending. Using a dataset for 19 countries and over 500 real estate investment trusts, we find that, following a negative demand shock, the “underpricing” economies experience far deeper asset market crashes than economies in which the put option is correctly priced.

房地产信托投资基金和金融发展与创新

本文在介绍房地产信托投资基金基本内容的基础上,结合有关金融发展和创新的理论,指出REITs既是金融发展与金融创新的结果,同时也进一步促进了金融自身的发展,促进了社会资源配置效率的提高。     

Real Options, (Dis)Investment Decision-Making and Accounting Measures of Performance

This paper suggests that a residual income-type measure of performance can be designed which supports optimal investment and disinvestment decision-making in a real options framework involving the options to wait before investing and to abandon. The measure has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, the balance of advantage versus disadvantage for the proposed measure must be set against the inadequacies of other competing measures of performance and associated organisational designs. Even if the measure of performance suggested is not regarded as practically useful, it has another general advantage – it can be used as a benchmark against which to evaluate other performance measures with regard to their support of optimal investment and disinvestment decision-making in a real options framework.     

Real Options, (Dis)Investment Decision-Making and Accounting Measures of Performance

This paper suggests that a residual income-type measure of performance can be designed which supports optimal investment and disinvestment decision-making in a real options framework involving the options to wait before investing and to abandon. The measure has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, the balance of advantage versus disadvantage for the proposed measure must be set against the inadequacies of other competing measures of performance and associated organisational designs. Even if the measure of performance suggested is not regarded as practically useful, it has another general advantage – it can be used as a benchmark against which to evaluate other performance measures with regard to their support of optimal investment and disinvestment decision-making in a real options framework.     

不确定条件下的生产外包时机研究

不确定条件下的生产外包具有期权特征。考虑价格与成本都具有不确定性,借助实物期权方法建立了生产外包决策模型,对外包时机进行了研究,得到了期权价值与外包阈值公式。通过数值模拟,分析了相关系数、波动率对阈值及波动率对期权价值的影响。     

基于实物期权理论的高新技术价值评估研究

本文应用期权定价模型来评估高新技术企业价值中的无形资产或者说潜在的机会价值.根据原有的经典模型,针对高新技术企业的特点引入了延迟成本的概念,对无形资产的实物期权定价模型进行改进,并通过案例阐述了具体的评估过程.     

The Real Options Component of Firm Market Value: The Case of the Technological Corporation

Abstract:   This paper tests whether stock prices reflect investor's expectations regarding the value of real options. The analysis is implemented based on a sample of 391 high‐tech companies listed on main OECD stock markets during the period December 1994 through December 2000. Results confirm the predicted relation between the fraction of a firm's market value not accounted for by its assets‐in‐place, and a series of variables that are assumed to disclose its real options value, variables such as research and development activity, risk and skewness of stock returns, and size. The results are robust even after controlling for valuation date, sub‐industry, country, and alternative measures of risk.     

Real Estate Risk Exposure of Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study examines the linkage between equity real estate investment trust (REIT) returns and the private real estate factor. The results reveal a tighter connection between REIT and the private real estate market starting from 1993. In addition, large-cap REITs seem to behave more like real estate than do small-cap REITs. Overall, the results are consistent with three notions: (1) that institutional investors provide information-gathering services (Bradrinath et al., Rev. Financ. Stud., 8:401–430, 1995), (2) that a more sophisticated investor base improves information flow, and (3) that a high degree of participation from institutional investors strengthens the linkage between REIT returns and the underlying real estate factor (Ziering et al., The evolution of public and private market investing in the new real estate capital markets, Prudential Real Estate Investors, Parsippany, NJ, 1997).