极端死亡率风险证券化的理论研究综述

国际寿险业和理论界在不断地研究探索极端死亡率风险资本市场的创新性解决方案,已取得丰硕的理论成果。本文阐述了本金赔付非累积阈值型和累积阈值型两类极端死亡率债券的设计机制及其定价方面的研究成果;分析了极端死亡率互换的设计机制和定价方面的研究动态;概述了极端死亡率风险衍生工具q远期合约的设计机制和定价方面的研究进展。     

新型农村社会养老保险中的逆向选择问题研究

国际寿险业和理论界在不断地研究探索极端死亡率风险资本市场的创新性解决方案,已取得丰硕的理论成果。本文阐述了本金赔付非累积阈值型和累积阈值型两类极端死亡率债券的设计机制及其定价方面的研究成果;分析了极端死亡率互换的设计机制和定价方面的研究动态;概述了极端死亡率风险衍生工具q远期合约的设计机制和定价方面的研究进展。     

基于风险立方方法的长寿风险债券定价研究

面对世界范围内长寿风险越来越严峻的趋势,长寿风险管理成为全世界面临的共同难题。近年来死亡率风险证券化引起人们的广泛关注,长寿债券作为死亡率风险证券化中最常用的一种方法,可以有效地将长寿风险转移至资本市场。本文通过对国外经典死亡率债券的比较,在离散型死亡率模型假设条件下,设计一支可调整上触碰点的触发型长寿债券,运用带永久跳跃的APC模型和风险立方方法对长寿债券进行定价。实证结果显示风险溢价的结果比较稳定,设置不同的初始上触碰点,风险溢价差异较大。     

人口老龄化背景下长寿风险管理方法的探讨

伴随着长寿风险的累积,养老保障型产品提供者管理长寿风险的压力逐步凸显,本文主要对比分析了不同长寿风险管理方法,并通过研究Swiss Re死亡率证券和EIB/BNP长寿债券的设计,分析了各类养老基金通过资本市场实现长寿风险转移与对冲管理的可能方式。     

长寿债券的运行机制与定价模型

通过分析长寿债券的市场发展以及连续型和触发型两类长寿债券的运行机制,采用风险中性定价方法推导出当死亡率服从双指数跳跃(DEJD)分布时,长寿债券的定价解析式,研究发现,无论从理论还是实践看,设计并发行触发型长寿债券是一种应对长寿风险更为明智的选择。     

瑞信AT1债券减记事件的影响及其启示

瑞士银行(UBS)宣布收购瑞士信贷集团(下称“瑞信”),以遏制可能蔓延全球的银行体系风险和市场信心危机。与此同时,瑞信名义本金的其他一级资本债券(AT1债券)将全额减记,此举引发市场热议。文章系统整理AT1债券基本情况,分析瑞信AT1债券减记事件的影响及中国AT1债券发行现状,并提出政策建议。     

巨灾债券对再保险自留额的影响

近几十年来,巨大的自然灾害频繁发生,给全球经济造成了前所未有的损失。旧金山大地震、Andrew飓风、9.11事件、印度洋海啸,这些字眼使得整个世界为之动容。许多保险公司,特别是再保险公司面对巨额的保险赔付,陷入资本和现金的危机。连著名的英国劳合社再保险市场也不例外。再保险公司越来越不愿承保巨灾风险,导致了巨灾再保险价格的一再升高,这却给巨灾风险证券化提供了发展机遇。面对高昂的巨灾再保险成本,巨灾风险证券化产品以其成本小风险分散的优势,逐渐在巨灾风险领域初露锋芒。巨灾风险证券化产品其实是一种场外交易的债券衍生物,是保险、再保险公司通过直接发行公司债券,利用债券市场来分散巨灾风险的一种形式。承保巨灾损失的保险、再保险公司利用这种债券,将自身的巨灾损失风险转移给了市场投资者,投资者的收益完全取决于巨灾损失是否发生。在巨灾风险证券化的几种工具中,巨灾债券(Cat bonds)发行的数额是最大的。Cat bonds实际上是一个债券合同,购买此债券的投资者在持有期间,如果合同约定的巨灾事件不发生,则会在到期时连本带息获得收入;如果合同约定的巨灾事件发生,则会损失部分或全部的本金,用来弥补发行者的巨灾损失。可见,Cat b...     

美国债券违约风险管理及其借鉴

债券违约风险(default risk)又称兑付风险，通常是指债券发行人在债券到期时没有能力或不愿偿还债券的本金和利息。对债券违约风险的分析是影响投资者投资决策的关键，因此对债券违约风险的有效管理是债券成功发行和债券市场健康发展的重要保障。     

基于金融衍生工具视角的长寿风险管理

长寿风险已成为养老保障发展所面临的重要风险,而作为养老保障产品供给者的政府、年金和寿险公司等机构难以持续、有效地管理长寿风险。本文在分析长寿风险发展态势和现有管理方案的缺陷后,研究了最近的长寿风险管理工具创新及其发展动向,即死亡率巨灾债券、EIB/BNP长寿债券和远期等,并在此基础上分析了基于资本市场的长寿/死亡率风险相关衍生品设计与交易,包括长寿债券、死亡率互换、死亡率期货和死亡率期权,最后是长寿/死亡率衍生品交易市场建设的启示。     

金融产品创新系列讲座之八巨灾债券

巨灾债券(Catastrophe Bond,CATB ond),是为预防诸如地震、飓风等巨灾筹集资金而发行的债券,是目前保险风险证券化最为普遍的方法。巨灾债券将债券本金与利息的偿还与否,直接和巨灾风险的发生与否相关联,在未发生巨灾风险时,它     

Securitization of Longevity Risk: Pricing Survivor Bonds With Wang Transform in the Lee-Carter Framework

Longevity risk is a major issue for insurers and pension funds, especially in the selling of annuity products. In that respect, securitization of this risk could offer great opportunities for hedging. This article proposes to design survivor bonds which could be issued directly by insurers. In order to guaranty some transparency in the product, the survivor bond is based on a public mortality index. The classical Lee‐Carter model for mortality forecasting is used to price a risky coupon survivor bond based on this index.     

Hedging Longevity Risk When Interest Rates are Uncertain

Abstract

This paper proposes an asset liability management strategy to hedge the aggregate risk of annuity providers under the assumption that both the interest rate and mortality rate are stochastic. We assume that annuity providers can invest in longevity bonds, long-term coupon bonds, and shortterm zero-coupon bonds to immunize themselves from the risks of the annuity for the equity holders subject to a required profit. We demonstrate that the optimal allocation strategy can lead to the lowest risk under different yield curves and mortality rate assumptions. The longevity bond can also be regarded as an effective hedging vehicle that significantly reduces the aggregate risk of the annuity providers.     

我国企业债券违约的特征趋势、融资特点及风险处置机制研究

本文从债券违约的数量规模、行业分布、地域分布、企业属性、债券品种及违约率等方面阐述了我国企业债券违约的特征趋势,分析了我国企业债券违约的主要原因及其所呈现出来的融资特点,探讨了我国企业债券违约后的五种处置方式,认为我国债券违约风险处置机制还不完善,缺少独立法律制度、处置的市场化程度较低、投资者保护机制不健全、对发行人缺乏硬性约束,影响了违约债券的整体兑付水平,投资人利益难以得到有效维护。建议采取多种措施降低债券违约发生率、优化发行人融资结构、建立债券违约的市场化处置机制,以降低债券违约风险,推动债券市场健康发展。     

The Political Economy of Government-Issued Longevity Bonds

This article explores the trade‐offs associated with government issuance of longevity bonds as a way of stimulating private annuity supply in the presence of aggregate mortality risk. We provide new calculations suggesting a 5 percent chance that aggregate mortality risk could ex post raise annuity costs for private insurers by as much as 5–10 percentage points, with the most likely effect based on historical patterns toward the lower end of that range. While we suspect that aggregate mortality risk does exert some upward pressure on annuity prices, evidence from private market pricing suggests that, to the extent that private insurers are accurately pricing this risk, the effect is less than 5 percentage points. We discuss ways that the private market can spread this risk, while emphasizing that the government has the unique ability to spread aggregate risk across generations. We note factors that might hamper such an efficient allocation of risk, including potential political incentives for the government to shift more than the optimal amount of risk onto future generations, and the possibility that government fiscal policy might allocate risk less efficiently within each generation than would private markets. We also discuss how large‐scale longevity bond issuance might affect government borrowing costs, as well as political economy aspects of how the proceeds from such a bond issuance might be used.     

Common risk factors in the cross-section of corporate bond returns

We investigate the cross-sectional determinants of corporate bond returns and find that downside risk is the strongest predictor of future bond returns. We also introduce common risk factors based on the prevalent risk characteristics of corporate bonds—downside risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk—and find that these novel bond factors have economically and statistically significant risk premiums that cannot be explained by long-established stock and bond market factors. We show that the newly proposed risk factors outperform all other models considered in the literature in explaining the returns of the industry- and size/maturity-sorted portfolios of corporate bonds.     

Hard markets,hard times: On the inefficiency of the CAT bond market

This study explores the existence of inefficiencies in catastrophe (CAT) bond secondary markets by investigating the impact of sponsor characteristics on the CAT bond premium. We show that the CAT bond market does not satisfy the demand for catastrophe risk transfer efficiently by revealing a significant effect of sponsor-related factors on the CAT bond premium. This inefficiency is particularly surprising given that a CAT bond isolates the insured risk from other sponsor-related risks through a special purpose vehicle. Remarkably, this inefficiency is even present among non-indemnity CAT bonds, which determine the payout through a mechanism that is exogenous to the sponsor. Our findings also reveal that sponsor-related pricing inefficiencies vary over time and are more relevant during hard and neutral phases compared to soft market phases. Among the sponsor-related determinants of the CAT bond premium are the sponsor's tenure, market coverage, rating, credit default swap spread, and his ability to issue innovative “on the run” CAT bonds.     

A Two-Factor Model for Stochastic Mortality with Parameter Uncertainty: Theory and Calibration

In this article, we consider the evolution of the post‐age‐60 mortality curve in the United Kingdom and its impact on the pricing of the risk associated with aggregate mortality improvements over time: so‐called longevity risk. We introduce a two‐factor stochastic model for the development of this curve through time. The first factor affects mortality‐rate dynamics at all ages in the same way, whereas the second factor affects mortality‐rate dynamics at higher ages much more than at lower ages. The article then examines the pricing of longevity bonds with different terms to maturity referenced to different cohorts. We find that longevity risk over relatively short time horizons is very low, but at horizons in excess of ten years it begins to pick up very rapidly. A key component of the article is the proposal and development of a method for calculating the market risk‐adjusted price of a longevity bond. The proposed adjustment includes not just an allowance for the underlying stochastic mortality, but also makes an allowance for parameter risk. We utilize the pricing information contained in the November 2004 European Investment Bank longevity bond to make inferences about the likely market prices of the risks in the model. Based on these, we investigate how future issues might be priced to ensure an absence of arbitrage between bonds with different characteristics.     

Collateral affects return risk: evidence from the euro bond market

Covered bonds and senior bonds are prominent securities in the euro bond market. Senior bonds are unsecured, while covered bonds are secured—backed by collateral. Our results show that the presence of collateral reduces the total risk in individual bonds by more than 70%. Compared to diversified portfolios of senior bonds, diversified portfolios of covered bonds have a significantly lower level of systematic risk. However, the fraction of systematic risk to total risk is higher for covered bonds. By decomposing the variance of bond returns, we find that around 33% of the risk in senior bonds is systematic, versus 53% in covered bonds. Both types of bonds contain instrument-specific risk.

     

Liquidity,default, taxes,and yields on municipal bonds

We examine the effects of liquidity, default and personal taxes on the relative yields of Treasuries and municipals using a generalized model with liquidity risk. The municipal yield model includes liquidity as a state factor. Using a unique transaction dataset, we estimate the liquidity risk of municipals and its effect on bond yields. Empirical evidence shows that municipal bond yields are strongly affected by all three factors. The effects of default and liquidity risk on municipal yields increase with maturity and credit risk. Liquidity premium accounts for about 9–13% of municipal yields for AAA bonds, 9–15% for AA/A bonds and 8–19% for BBB bonds. A substantial portion of the maturity spread between long- and short-maturity municipal bonds is attributed to the liquidity premium. Ignoring the liquidity risk effect thus results in a severe underestimation of municipal bond yields. Conditional on the effects of default and liquidity risk, we obtain implicit tax rates very close to the statutory tax rates of high-income individuals and institutional investors. Furthermore, these implicit income tax rates are quite stable across bonds of different maturities. Results show that including liquidity risk in the municipal bond pricing model helps explain the muni puzzle.