Adoption of intercropping among smallholder rubber farmers in Xishuangbanna,China

While the expansion of rubber plantations in the mountainous areas of Southern China has contributed to poverty reduction among the indigenous ethnic groups, the concerns about the associated negatives on ecosystems and sustainable development of livelihoods is rising. One of the measures suggested to reduce environmental and economic risks is rubber intercropping. This study uses cross-section data of some 600 rubber farmers in Xishuangbanna, as a basis to develop four empirical models in order to analyse adoption of intercropping at farm and at plot level. Our study shows that only a small proportion of rubber farmers have adopted intercropping, with tea being the most frequently adopted intercrop. However, we also find that intercropping is an important source of income for the household in the lower income category. Intercropping adoption is affected by ethnicity, household wealth and family labour. The choice of intercrops depends on the nature of rubber plots, the age of rubber trees and geography. This study contributes to a better understanding of the transformation path from rubber monoculture to more diversified, rubber-based agroforestry systems and thus can provide important information for agricultural extension services charged with the promotion of sustainable rubber-based livelihood systems in the Mekong area.     

南昌市新建县土地利用结构变化、影响因素及优化分析

分析了南昌市新建县的土地利用现状及1997～2004年间的土地利用结构变化构成,可见农用地面积减少迅速,建设用地急剧增加;分析了经济、城市化、区位、土地制度政策等因素与土地利用结构的关系;提出了优化土地利用结构的合理化建议。     

青藏高原史前农业起源与发展研究

辽阔的青藏高原作为一个独特的地理单元,对远古时期这一地区的人类活动产生了深远的影响,是藏民族的发祥地和主要聚居区。史前考古遗址表明,早在四五千年前,青藏高原的先民们已经逐渐脱离了渔猎采集活动,从事作物种植、家畜饲养和渔业活动。畜牧业是青藏高原地区最古老的农业生产部门,家畜以牦牛和猪为主;这一地区的种植业与北方黄土高原相似,是以旱地作物为主,作物主要有青稞、小麦、粟、豌豆等,起初可能受到起源于中原的粟作农业文化的影响,随后也可能受到西亚麦作文化的影响。     

青藏高原东部黄河谷地耕地变化及其影响因素分析

青藏高原东部黄河谷地是高原地区重要的农业区,同时也是经济发展的重点区域,随着西部开发战略的实施,经济发展与耕地保护的矛盾日渐突出.以青海省海东地区循化撒拉族自治县为例,采用2000-2007年耕地面积数据、人口、全社会固定资产投资、GDP、第一、二、三产业值及退耕数据,运用相关分析、主成分分析方法定性定量分析了青藏高原...     

Attitudes of farmers in China's northern Shaanxi Province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green Project, and implications for the project's success

To restore China's degraded environment, the government launched an environmental restoration project named the “Grain for Green” Project (GGP) in 1999. From 1999 to 2010, the government will spend US$ 40 billion to convert 147 million ha of farmland into forest and grassland and 173 million ha of wasteland (including abandoned farmland) into forest in 25 provinces. A primary focus is to replace farming and livestock grazing in fragile areas with reforestation and planting of forage crops. Given the project's tremendous size and number of participants, the attitudes of the affected farmers will strongly influence the GGP's success. To learn their attitudes, we surveyed 2000 farmers in 2005 to quantify their opinions of the GGP and how it has affected their livelihoods, and we discuss the concerns raised by these attitudes. Farmers appreciated the grain and financial compensation offered by the GGP, but few considered planting of trees (8.9%) or forage species (2.2%) to be a priority. Although only 19.1% felt that their livelihoods had been adversely affected by the GGP and 63.8% supported the project, a large proportion (37.2%) planned to return to cultivating forested areas and grassland once the project's subsidies end in 2018. Therefore, much of the restored vegetation risks being converted into farmland and rangeland again, compromising the sustainability of the environmental achievements. To succeed, strategies such as the GGP must compensate farmers fairly for their costs, create new agricultural products and techniques for use on more suitable land, and create job and training programs that account for the needs and desires of farmers and give them alternatives to returning to old land-use practices.     

Research,development and scaling-up the adoption of fodder shrub innovations in East Africa

Smallholder farmers in developing countries face numerous limitations that hinder them from embracing improved agricultural practices and innovations with great potential for meaningful transformations of livelihoods. Consequently, farmers continue living in vicious cycles of poverty despite decades of government and donor expenditures on poverty alleviation. In the last two decades, research and development organizations collaborated in testing and validating selected fodder shrub species as reliable sources of less expensive and easily available protein feeds. With minimal interventions, the research findings have great potential to improve productivity for many smallholder farmers. Tested species include Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena spp., Chamaecytisus palmensis, Sesbania sesban, Morus alba and Gliricidia sepium. Dissemination and adoption surveys estimated that 205,000 smallholder farmers (40–50 per cent being women) had planted fodder shrubs by 2005. Currently, fodder shrubs contribute US$3.8 million annually to farmers' incomes and estimated potential annual income is US$81 million. Factors associated with success in fodder scaling-up include deliberate involvement of fodder technology champions, collective action in community mobilization and project implementation, pluralistic extension approaches, sustainable germplasm supply systems, broader partnerships and civil society campaigns. Constraints and challenges include: ineffective delivery of extension and research services, inhibitive policies, political interferences, frequent droughts and inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems.     

Urban land management in China: A study of the present system and an investigation of current issues and problems

Summary

The paper commences by describing the statutory basis for land tenure and management. It examines the constitutional basis for land ownership and occupation rights, as amended by land administration law. The legal system and procedures at both central and local government level are introduced, with particular mention made of the special measures for land requisition. This is followed by a study of the organizational structure for land management in China at state and local government levels. The roles and responsibilities of the major agencies of government at both levels are explained, and related to the organization of urban planning. A separate section is then devoted to those areas such as Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Cities which have been selected for preferential treatment, particularly in respect of the transfer of land use rights.

The paper concludes with a study of the main issues and problems that currently confront China in the field of urban land management. And some suggestions are made where further reform is required and additional research of potential benefit.     

从"三农"问题视角解读我国的耕地保护问题

耕地是稀缺资源,紧张的人与耕地的比例关系是我国“三农”问题形成的前提;当前我国最主要的耕地问题是耕地快速非农化,其根本原因来自人口、城市化和工业化快速发展的压力,政策和决策的失误、地方利益的驱动和管理力度不够,从加强耕地国情教育、严格土地利用总体规划、构建与耕地保护相配套的政策激励和经济约束机制、规范耕地管制行为等角度探讨了耕地保护的对策和措施。     

湖南南岭山区宜农后备土地资源开发研究--以汝城县为例

湖南南岭山区宜农后备土地资源丰富，开发利用的潜力很大；通过对汝城县宜农后备土地资源特点的分析，建立指标体系，进行适宜性评价，提出了该区土地开发模式和措施，对整个湖南南岭山区宜农后备土地资源开发作一初步研究。     

我国宅基地使用管理制度的演变、存在问题和改革途径——基于北京市的调查

通过文献研究和归纳比较法对我国宅基地使用和管理政策演变进行梳理,发现我国宅基地使用和管理制度演变经历了5个阶段,并且对宅基地的所有权和使用权、审批制度和面积标准、确权登记政策、流转政策、退出机制等做了分析,总结宅基地使用和管理现存的主要问题为:"一户一宅"等政策难以落实;"无地可批"和"有地不批"现象普遍存在;确权登记时权属来源材料缺失;自发流转普遍等。提出其改革的途径:同户籍管理制度改革相结合改进宅基地审批制度;形成规划、审批、确权、退出等一体化管理体制;推进房地合一的宅基地确权登记发证工作;实行宅基地"所有权、使用权、经营权"三权分置;统筹谋划,全面实现宅基地财产权。     

三江源地区土地资源的开发与保护--以青海省兴海县为例

兴海县位于青藏高原高寒地带,农牧交错、以牧为主,是国家“三江源自然保护区”的重要县份;分析了土地利用现状、潜力及存在的生态问题,指出搞好环境整治,落实退耕(牧)还林(草)和强化植树种草工作,保护土地资源,是未来土地开发利用中必须牢牢把握的大局。     

巢湖市人口-耕地-粮食系统变化特征与预测分析

分析了巢湖市1978~2001年人口、耕地、粮食历史变化特点和规律,运用灰色动态模型GM(1,1)预测其未来变化趋势。根据预测结果,结合该市具体情况,提出人口-耕地-粮食系统可持续发展对策。     

叠加法在征地区片综合地价评估中的改进研究--以甘肃省定西市为例

叠加法作为现行征地区片综合地价（区片价）的测算方法之一,有其自身的弊端和局限性,为了切实维护农民权益,充分体现土地价值,提高现行征地补偿标准,本文根据农地的经济、社会、生态价值,通过逻辑推理和实证研究,改进叠加法原理,在综合考虑土地的多重功能的基础上测算区片价;研究结果表明：改进后的叠加法评估的区片价更符合实际。     

征地冲突中地方政府、中央政府和农户行为的动态博弈分析

研究目的:构建征地冲突中中央政府、地方政府、农户三者之间的动态博弈模型,根据均衡概率找出引起征地冲突的关键因素,以期为政府制定和完善征地相关政策提供理论依据。研究方法:综合分析法、博弈分析法。研究结果:(1)地方政府采取违法征地的概率与中央政府的监督检查成本、农户的维权成本呈正向关系,与对地方政府的经济处罚和农户维权后征地补偿标准的提高呈反向关系;(2)中央政府采取监督检查的概率与地方政府违法征地的收益呈正向关系,与对地方政府的经济处罚和政绩的损害呈反向关系;(3)农户维权的概率与地方政府违法征地时的收益呈正向关系,并与农户维权成本、地方政府征地补偿标准的提高和对其政绩的损害呈反向关系。研究结论:降低中央稽查和农户维权成本以及地方政府的违规收益,同时提高征地补偿标准,加大对违法征地的惩罚力度,使利益主体博弈行为趋于合理,可以避免或减少征地冲突的发生。