朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的发展策略与途径研究

[目的]城市扩张带来的全球环境危机和人们对健康生活方式的期望,引发了人们对城市可持续性发展战略的思考。朴门永续农业将食物生产系统重新引入城市空间,以期为生态住区建设和可持续城市发展提供一定的理论支撑和设计指引。[方法]基于文献和相关案例研究,从设计理论和实践方法两个方向探索了朴门永续农业在城市住区环境中的整合模式与方法。[结果]朴门永续农业在可持续发展、绿色基础设施、宜居社区、城市与社区建设4个维度均能产生积极作用;朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的构建必须明确相应的设计策略、设计目标和原则,并从分区规划、空间设计和物种选择3个方面重点阐述朴门永续农业在城市生态住区的设计内容和方法;在城市住区可以从节点型景观层、组团级景观层以及中心景观层3个层面渐进式地展开整合设计。[结论]基于朴门永续理念的城市生态住区建设可使住区环境成为一个具有复合生态效益,宜居又可持续的环境系统,并为生态城市建设提供了新的思路。     

Human Capital Development,War and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper traces the ethnographies of conflict and development in Sri Lanka on two levels of analysis. First, it examines two related discourses in the policy arena of Sri Lanka, one looking at the peace–development nexus, the other at the paradox of welfarism and clientelism in Sri Lanka's polity. Second, it analyses the political field of relief and development practice—its order and disjuncture—as it presented itself during times of ongoing warfare. The empirical studies build on ethnographies of a bilateral German–Sri Lankan development project operating in the war-affected areas of Sri Lanka. Four trajectories of politics and practices in aid and conflict are discussed to illustrate the ambiguities and complexities of multiple perceptions, rules and discourses, which influence the work of aid agencies operating in spaces of military contestation. The analyses suggest that clientelism as a deeply embedded system of ordering and meaning production can be found in both the peaceful areas and the war zones, though in different manifestations. Aid agencies operating in the context of clientelism and ethnicism may need to engage with combatant parties—to “dine with the devils” as it has been named—to build space for bringing aid to needy people in war-affected areas.     

基于市民偏好的北京城市社区园林绿化布局研究

在2017年北京市五环路范围以内1052位受访市民的问卷调查的基础上,采用多元Logit模型对市民的偏好进行了实证分析,探究了不同城市园林绿化布局方案与包括市民个体特征、家庭特征、市民化特征以及园林绿化特征在内的诸多因素之间的关联及影响关系,并就北京市民选择各种园林绿化布局方案的概率进行了估计。研究结果表明:⑴北京市民普遍偏好于以自然形态实施建设的园林绿化布局方式,而市民对于园林绿化的人为管护的需求同样客观存在;⑵市民的年龄越大、收入越高,每年在京居住月份越多、每年去公园次数和在公园支出越多,他们就越偏好于自然形态的园林绿化选择,反之越偏好于人工形态的园林绿化选择;⑶市民的学历越高、家庭规模越大、距公园的距离越远,他们就越偏好于人工形态的园林绿化选择,反之越偏好于自然形态的园林绿化选择;⑷性别和居住年限因素未产生显著性影响。基于研究结论提出建议:应统筹城市园林绿化布局建设的自然与人工属性,增强城市园林绿化布局建设的实用性,提升城市园林绿化政策制定的市民参与程度。     

Sustainable rural communities? A legal perspective on the community right to buy

Sustainable development is the underlying policy behind the community right to buy land in rural Scotland enshrined in the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, Part 2. The Act explicitly requires communities wishing to exercise the right to buy to have sustainable development at the heart of their community body and all their plans for the land. This paper examines the role and interpretation of sustainable development in the CRB. Since the Act was passed three administrations have headed up the Scottish government and sustainable development issues and strategies for Scotland have been aired in four important and distinctive policy documents showing that it is still very much an evolving concept in Scottish politics. The current administration has adopted the most econocentric approach yet seen in the UK, focusing on sustainable economic growth. Meanwhile, the community right to buy has developed its own sustainable development agenda. This review of decisions taken under the legislation illustrates that a diverse range of community ownership plans have been deemed consistent with sustainable development, from creation of sports facilities to preservation of castles, lighthouses and village greens. A range of economic, social and environmental objectives have been approved. On the other hand, communities that fail to adopt the ‘right’ approach to the principle will not be successful in using the legislation.     

The River agreement in Italy. Resilient planning for the co-evolution of communities and landscapes

According to the “evolutionary” approach (Davoudi & Al., 2012), urban resilience implies that urban systems have capacity to react to several external disturbances - economic, social, environmental - regarding all components of urban governance and transforming itself in a new development model.River basins are considered an interesting space for experimental workshop on resilience, as a driver of territorial policy, for ordinary communities and landscapes, where the relationship between the sustainable use of territorial resources could led to new territorial strategies, as well as “promote managements synergies” at different levels of regional and local planning.River Agreements (RA) appear as an innovative governance method which can help in the drafting of potential plans and practices for the development of resilience in fluvial territories. It is a form of negotiated planning, that helps to involve social actors in order to: improve people’s knowledge of current territorial conditions and the effects of human activities; increase social awareness; include society in the identification and implementation of solutions; to encourage innovative changes in planning objectives and urban and architectural design, starting with the legal and planning framework of an Action Plan. Starting from the ‘80 s, RA were experimentally tested in Belgium and France and currently widespread also in Italy. In Piedmont Region (Italy), it is recognized as a successful territorial governance tool used to define shared strategies, measures, rules and projects. We will present the case study of the Sangone River Agreement as the first participate planning and design experience in Piedmont signed by local actors.     

Replacing “mixed use” with “all mixed up” concepts; a critical review of Turkey metropolitan city centers

Following industrialization and modernization, globalization has asserted itself in the daily life and spatial practices at the end of the 20th century. Instead of a zoning approach separating the city from functional aspects, the “mixed-use” approach was been brought to the agenda in order to have inclusive design and sustainable city centers. The new mixed-use business areas in the İstanbul, Ankara, and İzmir metropolises constitute the focus of this study. Within the scope of this study, analyses were performed in order to examine effective dynamics from an urban scale to a housing scale. In the first stage, the planning processes of central business areas and the development of “mixed-use” approaches were investigated. Eight parcel-based structured and five area-based structured mixed-use projects were analysed, and the regional structure and dynamics were discussed. In the last stage, the projects were analysed in detail according to their functional programs.At the end of the present study, a mixed structural approach is suggested for decision-making, planning, and design implementation processes resulting in projects which will be developed in central business areas offering sustainable development and improvement. In this approach, termed “all mixed-up”, it would be possible to design affordable housing for low-income inhabitants and at the same time revive urban regions with mixed-income users, developers, and governmental institutions.     

试分析社区参与旅游发展的类型和层次

指出社区参与旅游发展的有关概念;剖析社区内部政治、社区内部文化、社区内部经济、社区外部政治、社区内部文化、社区外部经济6个影响社区参与旅游发展的因素;讨论目前社区参与旅游发展的4种类型:未参与型、被动参与型、主动参与型、成熟参与型。     

Putting the culture back into agriculture: civic engagement,community and the celebration of local food

This paper reports on the case study of a community-supported agriculture (CSA) farm in south-western Ontario, Canada. As an exemplar of urban agriculture, Fourfold Farm CSA operates from an alternative agriculture paradigm and is built upon the socio-ecological practices of civic engagement, community and the celebration of local food. Analysis of in-depth, key informant interviews with members of the CSA as well as the co-founders reveals the extent to which the farm is much more than a source of healthy, organic food. The paper outlines the ways the CSA operators and their members articulate a deeper endeavour to link urban food consumers with food producers through cultural activities. The discussion concludes with a call for more social research in agriculture as well as a broader effort to articulate the ways urban agriculture can contribute to putting the culture back into agriculture and creating sustainable systems of farming.     

Problem-Based solutions from the classroom to the Community: Transformative approaches to mitigate the impacts of boom-and-bust in declining urban communities

Strategic partnerships between universities and declining urban neighborhoods with limited resources have resulted in some innovative and forward-thinking approaches to land use and planning. These approaches respond to the impacts of boom-and-bust through the implementation of problem-based solutions and have spurred development to make communities more resilient. The university-community partnerships and engagements have multiple goals, including increasing university responsiveness to local needs, stimulating real-world change, and preparing students to effectively address complex social challenges (Dorado and Giles, 2004). However, such approaches are complicated by a variety of factors, including stakeholder expectations, power imbalances, and the conflicting goals of educators and community members (Mansuri and Rao, 2004). While the benefits of service-learning programs to universities are well documented, the benefits of such higher education partnerships to community participants are not as well known (Netshandama, 2010). Successful engagements seem to require community involvement and decision-making authority at every phase, mutual accountability, and trust (Winkler, 2013). This paper refers to a series of case studies of community engagement and neighborhood empowerment that involved the development of a collective sustainable plan/vision for declining inner-city neighborhoods with limited resources. This participatory form of local community development combines and goes beyond spatial planning and land use tools to demonstrate in some depth how an “inside the neighborhood” approach can make communities less vulnerable to boom-and-bust cycles. These neighborhoods, located in Columbus, Ohio, have seen tremendous declines in population and economy over the past years because of significant losses in manufacturing jobs. The case studies can inspire communities and demonstrate that service learning has the potential to provide communities with place-specific guidelines and recommendations that improve the quality of life for residents; but their implementation requires a collective effort that goes beyond the classroom.     

The land resource: Policy and management

Summary

This paper advocates the preparation by major urban planning authorities of land budgets to obtain a satisfactory balance between the development of derelict or vacant land and greenfield sites. Such budgets, requiring a city‐regional dimension, should be implemented by the public and private sectors, both of which need to find means of channelling profits from peripheral or out‐of‐town projects to counter losses on the development or ‘greening’ of inner‐city sites. Suggestions are made as to the form of land budgets, and the means by which they could be put into effect. The paper reviews briefly the various outlooks on the issue of balance between the development of urban and rural land, and the state of the art of priority setting for this purpose by central and local government. Although high standards are set by a few metropolitan areas in accounting for and monitoring the land resource, this is by no means widespread. Indeed in several major urban areas the matter does not even appear to be treated as a policy issue. Amongst the measures required to improve the situation is the need for wider use of skills attuned to development finance and management.     

基于聚类分析的居民自愿供给城市森林生态服务研究——以牡丹江市为例

对牡丹江市居民参与绿化建设情况进行了调查分析,根据影响居民出资情况的因素,通过聚类分析将牡丹江市居民出资情况分为4种类型,并对其进行Logistic回归分析,得出结论:第1种出资类型的居民有95%愿意出资10元以上用于小区绿化;第2、4种出资类型的居民倾向于10~30元的出资金额;第3种出资类型的居民有85%选择出资5~30元。最后,提出可通过文化程度和人均月收入水平这2个主要影响因素对小区居民出资情况进行聚类分析,找出不同类型居民参与自愿供给的行为规律,根据居民出资类型来判断筹集城市森林经济补偿资金,确定比较符合受益者支付意愿的支付额度。     

International Real Estate Investment and Urban Development: An Analysis of Korean Activities in Hanoi,Vietnam

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been recognised as a major influence upon urban development within emerging economies. As the focus of production shifted toward higher skills and advanced technologies, expatriate high-skilled employees of the Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) began to play a significant role in FDI projects and recipient cities begin to experience urban development associated with residential development and community services for the settlement of these expatriate staff. This research reports on the experience of Korean investment in real estate following earlier projects in manufacturing activity in the Hanoi Capital Region. Korean investors are currently the largest FDI source in Vietnam and Hanoi has been favoured by them. The purpose of this research is to examine that the urban impact of manufacturing FDI on a recipient city is magnified by its connections with Real estate FDI (RFDI) in a way that it spurs (1) intensified real estate development, (2) the creation of new urban cores, and (3) new commuting patterns. The clustering of Korea-specific residential development and service functions is a contribution to change in Hanoi. The Korean-built housing complexes have transplanted Korean-style housing design into gated communities and the residents continue their Korean life-styles with easy access to language-specific community facilities. This research sheds light on the coalescent nature of RFDI with overall FDI via flows of MNEs and expatriate staff that can generate direct and indirect spatial impacts at project, city and regional scales.     

The Performance of Low External Input Technology in Agricultural Development: A Summary of Three Case Studies

This paper summarises the findings of a study that examined the performance of low external input technology (LEIT) in three major projects. The projects promoted soil restoration (Honduras), soil and water conservation (Kenya) and IPM (Sri Lanka). The focus projects were large and well-managed and the study examined outcomes five or more years after project completion. An assessment of the utilisation, adaptation and abandonment of the technologies, found fairly consistent experiences that allow several general conclusions. In many instances LEIT makes important contributions to farm productivity. LEIT is not usefully categorised as labour-intensive, and the growing importance of hired labour makes it difficult to see LEITas a separate class of technology. Its uptake patterns are similar to those of conventional technology (with commercial incentives particularly important) and spontaneous diffusion of the technology is often less than expected. LEIT, on its own, makes only modest contributions to strengthening human and social capital. Implications for the promotion of LEIT and the development of farmer organisations are discussed.     

Why Beautify the Plaza? Reproducing Community in Decentralized Neoliberal Peru

Peruvian development and government analysts criticize communities for irrationally using local development funds deriving from recently instituted political decentralization to beautify their villages rather than to improve infrastructural services, education and health, or to alleviate poverty. This paper challenges this critique by explaining why such cosmetic improvements are of interest to rural people. Using a case study of the peasant community of Allpachico, I argue that these projects encourage the return of pensioners and visits from migrants. Residents and migrants are mutually dependent as a result of livelihood strategies based on agriculture and the foreign‐controlled resource extraction sector over the past 80 years. The relative position of these two groups in the social reproduction of the vernacular community has changed with the Peruvian political economy. Currently, in the neoliberal resource extraction economy, residents pragmatically opt to maintain relations with those who have stable wage or pension incomes.     

Low-cost housing developments in South Africa miss the opportunities for household level urban greening

Most developing countries of the world are experiencing large-scale migration from rural to urban areas. Many new migrants end up in low-cost or informal areas and slums with attendant environmental concerns. One dimension of improved urban sustainability is the provision of green spaces and trees. Whilst many countries have urban greening programmes for public spaces and streets, few have considered the status and potential contribution of trees from resident's own gardens. This paper reports firstly on the policy environment for urban forestry and greening in South Africa and secondly on the maintenance, use and appreciation of trees on private homesteads of residents of new and older low-income suburbs as well as informal housing areas from three small towns in South Africa. In particular we examine if the most recent centrally planned and built low-income housing schemes (called RDP suburbs in South Africa) have considered and incorporated plans or spaces for urban greenery in peoples’ homesteads. We found that broad environmental and sustainability concerns and statements are common in urban development and housing policies, but specific guidelines for implementation are generally absent. More specifically, urban forestry and tree planting are rarely mentioned in the broader land use and environmental policies other than the national forest act and subsequent regulations, but even there it is relatively superficial. In the study towns the prevalence, density and number of species of trees was lowest in the new RDP suburbs relative to the township and informal areas. Consequently, the contribution of tree products to local livelihoods was also lower in the RDP areas. Yet there were no differences in the level of appreciation of the value and intangible benefits of trees between residents from the three different suburbs. This shows that the failure to plan for and accommodate trees in new low-cost housing developments is missing an opportunity to improve overall urban sustainability and liveability and constraining the potential flows of tangible and intangible benefits to urban residents. Making opportunities for such in older suburbs is challenging because of space limitations and cost implications of retrospective provisions, but incorporation into plans for new low-cost housing development should be possible.     

山西省城乡绿化的生态效益评价

[目的]城乡绿化对改善地区生态气候,提高空气环境质量具有重要作用。研究山西省城乡绿化规划带来的生态效益,为今后城乡规划提供理论依据。[方法]采用熵值法,在评定山西省11个地级市PM2. 5,PM10,二氧化硫,二氧化氮年平均浓度和空气质量达标天数等5个指标的基础上,综合分析2014—2016年山西省各地级市城乡绿化带来的生态效益。[结果] 2015年山西省城乡绿化带来的生态效益相比2014年和2016年较为明显。在各地级市中,大同市城乡绿化带来的生态效益明显高于其他城市,且各项指标评分均较高。大部分地区PM2. 5、PM10、二氧化氮和二氧化硫的浓度超出了国家二级标准要求,环境质量令人堪忧。[结论]山西省各地级市在城乡规划中应加大对绿化的投入,选择对空气具有净化作用的植物,加强对绿化植物的监管等,综合提高城乡绿化的生态效益,促进环境和社会经济的协调发展。     

Rural poverty in Mexico: assets and livelihood strategies among the Mayas of Yucatán

Understanding poverty and sustainability needs livelihood studies that acknowledge heterogeneity at the community and household level. This is particularly true for Latin America where inequality and ethnicity are important aspects of poverty and sustainability. This paper is a detailed examination of the natural resources, socio-economic assets and livelihood strategies of two Mayan communities of the Mexican State of Yucatán. There were three fundamental objectives: to elucidate the people's perceptions of poverty, to analyse their resource use and livelihood strategies, and to suggest ways in which access to markets can reduce poverty and enhance sustainable development. Using qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the dominance of certain successful strategies are made clear. First, milpa—the traditional system of maize production—is a way of life for the Mayas. Secure access to maize-producing land is a valuable asset, partly because it also attracts government subsidies. Second, ownership of small livestock is also part of Mayan life. Ownership of other assets such as beehives gives access to (relatively) lucrative product markets. Third, active agribusiness marketing also requires assets: ownership of transport services; finance to assemble and sell products such as forest fruits, honey and maize; business skills and an ability to create commercial linkages to traders. Appropriate interventions for different wealth groups are suggested to enhance sustainable development of the communities.     

Unpacking systemic innovation capacity as strategic ambidexterity: How projects dynamically configure capabilities for agricultural innovation

Problems in agriculture and land use are increasingly recognised as complex, uncertain, operating at multiple levels (field to global value chains) and involving social, economic, institutional, and technological change. This has implications for how projects navigate complexity to achieve impact. However, few studies have systematically evaluated how project actors engage with other actors to configure capabilities and resources across multiple levels in agricultural innovation systems (AIS), from the individual to the network, to mobilise and build systemic innovation capacity. An analytical framework conceptualising the nested configuration of capabilities at multiple levels in the AIS is applied to two projects that successfully tackled agricultural and land management problems of differing complexity: (i) improving lamb survival; and (ii) sustainable land management in New Zealand. Findings indicate that innovation capacity constitutes project actors interacting with other AIS actors to configure capabilities and resources at different levels of the AIS in order to leverage positive project path dependencies and break path dependencies that are created by existing and historical capability configurations. Project actors also balance exploiting existing innovation capabilities, as well as using adaptive capability for exploring and creating new capability configurations to respond to emerging circumstances. This implies that projects should have strategic ambidexterity in terms of how they combine exploiting existing and exploring new networks to access, combine, create, or disconnect certain capabilities to address ‘capability voids’ in AIS. This requires support to projects to constantly scrutinise, through reflexive monitoring by dedicated facilitators, specific agriculture and land use policies connected to major sustainable development models (e.g. climate smart agriculture, urban farming, smart farming). The can help assess whether the AIS provides the right mix of capabilities and whether this is adequately supported by innovation policy, to realize transformative policy objectives.     

Strategic use of land policy instruments for affordable housing – Coping with social challenges under scarce land conditions in Swiss cities

For decades, many cities have introduced densification policy objectives to stop urban sprawl or to promote efficient use of natural resources. In the urban housing sector, however, densification projects often intensify social challenges. Due to rising rents after modernization of existing housing stocks as a consequence of densification, low-income tenants are forced to leave their apartments. Risks of social exclusion and segregation increase simultaneously.In this article, we analyze how municipal planning authorities cope with affordable housing shortages in a context of urban densification. Specifically, we ask: How do municipal planning authorities promote affordable housing in densifying cities? To answer this research question, we apply a neoinstitutional analysis approach to better understand (1) the basic mechanisms of how land policy instruments impact affordability, and (2) why specific instruments are activated to defend affordable housing objectives. Through qualitative case study analysis of four Swiss urban municipalities, our results show that the mere availability of land policy instruments is not sufficient but that the strategic activation of specific instruments matters.     

生态文明建设中城乡绿化的主要作用及效益分析

人类文明从蒙昧的原始文明发展到了探索自然的农业文明,然后经历了改造自然的工业文明。在人类文明不断演进的过程,伴随着的是对自然环境的破坏,虽然到如今人类的物质文明发展到了一个较高的高度,但是自然环境也被破坏到了一个相当严重的地步。面对这样的情况,就迫切的需要一种能够与自然和谐共进的文明发展模式,基于这样的要求提出了生态文明的理念,在生态文明建设中城乡绿化有着十分重要的作用,文中主要就生态文明建设中城乡绿化的主要作用及效益进行探讨。