21世纪标准化的展望

通过对２１世纪主要社会民经济活动的分析,提出标准化不仅不会削弱或消亡,相反将发挥更全面和更巨大的作用并论述了信息标准化、管理标准化和服务标准化将 ２１世纪标准化工作的三个主题。     

如何做好产品标准化

产品标准化工作是企业标准化工作的核心，在新的形势下，如何搞好这项工作，是每一个基层标准化工作人员值得探索的问题。标准化工作的作用现代装备的研制是一项复杂的系统工程，涉及到许多技术领域，需要许多单位、人员协作，运用标准化手段，以标准为纽带，把各方面的工作有机地组织起来。标准化工作的作用如下：提高产品的性能和质量；提高效率，缩短研制周期，节约经费； 有利于采用成功经验，减少研制风险；有利于提高系统的互联、互通、互操作能力，减少维护、保障费用。如何做好产品标准化工作1 加强标准化宣传增强科研人员的标准化…     

企业标准化工作及其发展

标准化工作是企业重要的基础工作,它不仅是技术工作的基础,也是各项管理工作的基础,是企业塑造良好国内国际形象的重要保证和手段,是企业走向世界参与竞争的基础,是与市场经济沟通的“语言”,是企业改制与国际接轨的需要,也是建立企业现代管理体系的重要标志。技术进步和技术创新是企业当务之急,我国已加入世贸组织,要尽快和国际接轨,企业标准化工作应该是首当其冲。然而,一些企业标准化工作存在停滞或滑坡现象,对企业标准化工作不重视,这将给企业带来不可估量的损失。现就企业标准化工作中存在的部分问题和发展对策作一探讨。1 发挥领导作用,提高标准化意识 企业标准化工作是企业的一项重要的基础管理工作,尽管它能为企业带来很大的间接的经济效益,但它不同于产品的研制和开发,或工艺和工装,给企业带来     

我国标准化与国际接轨的进展与差距

总结了我国标准化在国际接轨方面取得的主要进展，探讨了与发达国家的差距以及应采取的措施。     

漫谈标准化原理—“以规矩,成方圆”

标准化原理问题，是标准化工作者所关注、需要解决而未解决的标准化理论问题之一。有关专家、学者已作过不少研究，发表过不少见解和论著，但未能取得共识。比较著名的如国际标准化组织（ISO）出版的桑德斯主编的《标准化目的与原理》中提出的匕原理；日本松浦四郎著《工业标准     

中国标准化五十年回顾与展望（3）

2．10信息技术标准化迅猛发展信息技术是当代新技术革命最活跃的领域。信息技术标准化是围绕信息技术开发,信息产品研制和信息系统建设、运行与管理而进行的一系列标准化工作的总称。它是标准化的一个新领域,是推广和普及信息技术的基本前提,也是确保信息系统实现互连。互通、互操作和确保信息系统高效率安全运行的根本保证。改革开放20年来,我国的信息技术标准化迅猛发展,在学习。采用国际标准和国外先进标准,制订国家标准,培训专业人才,开展国际合作和加强学术交流等方面都取得了可喜成绩。（1）初步建成了信息技术标准体系开展信…     

二○○一年上海市标准化工作要点

20 0 1年是跨入新世纪的第一年 ,根据党的十五大和十五届五中全会精神 ,以及国家质量技术监督局的工作要求 ,2 0 0 1年上海市标准化工作的指导思想是 :紧紧围绕上海市国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的目标 ,坚持标准化工作服务于经济和社会发展、服务于企业、服务于广大消费者的工作方针。以加入世界贸易组织为契机 ,合理运用贸易技术壁垒协定的规则 ,提高标准化工作为企业服务的有效性为重点。建立健全上海市标准化法律规范 ,积极推进采用国际标准工作 ,加强开展适应上海特点的高新技术产业、信息产业、都市型农业、服务领域的标准化工…     

市场经济运行机制中的标准化运作问题—地方标准化改革漫谈

引言 当我们站在历史的纵轴线上,审视中华人民共和国建立以来的几十年里所作出的重大决策,估量它们对未来中国社会和经济发展进程所可能产生的推动作用和积极影响时,不难发现:几乎没什么可以与党的“十四大”作出的“建立社会主义市场经济体制”的决策相比拟。倘若中国有可能在21世纪再一次以其高度发达的文明震撼世界的话,市场经济体制是     

浅谈信息技术标准化

信息技术标准化是围绕信息技术的开发、研制、应用、管理而进行的标准化工作，是信息技术的前提和保证，是社会信息化的基础工作。本文浅议了信息技术标准化的概念、基本内容，并简述了国际、国内信息标准化的基本现状，同时原则地提示了加强我国信息标准化的基本措施。本文目的中呼吁信息产业的同仁，信息技术的开发、研制、应用和管理必须实现标准化。     

Swedish tribalism and Tanzanian entrepreneurship: preconditions for trust formation

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between entrepreneurship and the structure of the periphery. The objective is to reach an understanding of the entrepreneurial process within the context of the periphery, which is traditionally seen as a poor environment. The paper considers the concept of peripherality and identifies a process of gravitation that drains higher order services towards the core. However, this deterministic model does not correspond with the realities of the Scottish Highlands. The paradox is that new businesses are being created that appear to use old redundant peripheral values such as tradition. It is argued that it is the social construction of the periphery that produces this post-modern change. The qualitative methodology indicates the emergence of a new spatial paradigm of aesthetic consumption. Two indicative case studies are presented which show that entrepreneurship is the creation and extraction of value from the environment. Their businesses are the commodification of non-material and aesthetic values. Further analysis of these data demonstrates that entrepreneurs interpret their own version of the environment, rather than merely reacting to it. In turn, they enact this interpretation which forms the basis of their businesses.     

Linguistics and Economics: Is Entrepreneurship Innate?

One of the great scientific achievements of the second half of the twentieth century was the advance in linguistics. Noam Chomsky was one of its foremost exponents. Chomsky and his followers claim that human beings have an inbuilt ‘language acquisition device’ which allows children to acquire language with extraordinary ease. Language is as much part of human nature as flying is that of birds. This paper argues that, like language, the propensity to trade is an inbuilt characteristic of human beings. Language permeates all human faculties including the ability to plan for the future. As a result human economic activity shares many important features with language, in particular its recursive and unbounded character. There is also evidence that the concept of property is innate. It follows that attempts to frustrate or limit the exercise of property rights and their use in trade works against the grain of human nature. Limits on the natural expression of entrepreneurship may be as damaging as other constraints on human flourishing.     

THEORIES OF MONOPOLY CAPITALISM

Abstract. This article presents a survey of theories of monopoly capitalism. The defining characteristic of monopoly capitalism is that developed capitalist economies are seen as essentially dominated by firms which operate in oligopolistic industries. It discusses in chronological order the contributions of Hilferding, Lenin, Kalecki, Steindl, Baran and Sweezy, and Cowling to the monopoly capitalism approach. By drawing out some common features of the authors discussed we arrive at an implicit view of the nature of theories of monopoly capitalism. The macroeconomic aspects of monopoly capitalism are discussed with emphasis on the implications for the level of economic activity. A further section discusses the international aspects of the monopoly capital approach. The final section of the paper reviews criticisms of the theories of monopoly capitalism with concentration on those advanced from a Marxist perspective.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Urban Informality and the State: Geographical Translations and Conceptual Alliances

Understandings of informality commonly derive from research undertaken in states perceived as lacking the capacity to regulate the practices of their populations. This Interventions forum aims to expand the geographical parameters of empirical research on urban informality. A more global approach, we argue, also necessitates questioning assumptions that undergird this concept—in particular the underlying conception of the state. In this vein, this collection of papers aims to rethink theories of the state through the lens of informality, and vice versa, to inform and refine the concept of informality through a more thorough understanding of states. In so doing, the contributions engage with concepts that have been central both to theories of the state and to the study of informality, namely governance, agency, legitimacy, sovereignty and legality. Following this introduction setting out our theoretical approach, the Interventions forum unites five empirical studies that discuss the nexus of informality and states in contexts that have been researched less extensively from this perspective, each tackling one of the above‐mentioned concepts. Based on these different entry points, the papers provide novel angles on a state‐theoretical understanding of informality. A concluding essay brings these approaches together, reflecting on the possibilities of translating concepts to different sites.     

R&D personnel and human resource management in multinational companies: between homogenization and differentiation

This paper discusses the impact of globalization processes on models of R&D personnel management in multinational companies operating in Europe. Existing literature focuses on the globalization of R&D activity, on the one hand, and on national systems of innovation, on the other. By contrast, there are few studies of the linkage between the globalization of R&D and its impact on HRM. Drawing on the practices of multinationals in four sectors (pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software), the paper examines whether the hold of national differences in the area of HRM has been significantly weakened in the face of new models of competitiveness and management in multinationals. It focuses on two dimensions: recruitment and mobility. The studies highlight two major trends. The ‘internationalization’ of R&D clearly has effects on HRM models but not as great as might be expected. HRM policies such as recruitment and pay systems continue to be nationally based, reflecting legal and institutional differences. At the same time, in conjunction with new forms of R&D organization such as projects, the standardization of HRM tools may be observed. But this is partial and affects only a limited number of tools, notably individual evaluation.     

Urbanization and the City Image in Lowry at Tate Britain: Towards a Critique of Cultural Cityism

This article explores cultural cityism at a time when a more expansive, ‘planetary’ urbanization is argued to have superseded ‘the city’ as the dominant urban form. It takes an essentially Lefebvrian problematic and works this through an examination of one aspect of contemporary metropolitan culture, the L.S. Lowry exhibition at Tate Britain, held in the summer of 2013. The article scrutinizes the juxtaposition of Lowry's images of the industrial city with the image of ‘global’, corporate London provided by Tate Britain itself. The exhibition is presented as evidence of Lefebvre's argument that although the urban core has imploded and exploded, through images the city ‘can perpetuate itself, survive its conditions’. Taking stock also of the preponderance of city images in culture more widely, it is argued such images make a fetish of the city, producing also an ‘urban pastoral’ that obscures the defining characteristics of urban life today. Finally, Benjamin's concept of the ‘dialectical image’ and Rancière's notion of the ‘sentence image’ are invoked to capture the flashing together of past and present city images and the opportunities for critical reflection this constellation presents.     

Re-imagining the growth process: (co)-evolving metaphorical representations of entrepreneurial growth

We investigate the role and influence of the biological metaphor ‘growth’ in studies of organizations, specifically in entrepreneurial settings. We argue that we need to reconsider metaphorical expressions of growth processes in entrepreneurship studies in order to better understand growth in the light of contemporary challenges, such as environmental concerns. Our argument is developed in two stages: first, we review the role of metaphor in organization and entrepreneurship studies. Second, we reflect critically on three conceptualizations of growth that have drawn on biological metaphors: the growing organism, natural selection and co-evolution. We find the metaphor of co-evolution heuristically valuable but under-used and in need of further refinement. We propose three characteristics of the co-evolutionary metaphor that might enrich our understanding of entrepreneurial growth: relational epistemology, collectivity and multidimensionality. Through this we provide a conceptual means of reconciling an economic impetus for entrepreneurial growth with an environmental imperative for sustainability.     

建筑工程计价简易方法

本文是根据经过几年来的探讨,提出了建筑工程简易方法的最基本方法,即工期分析法。它的产生是由于市场经济体制改革的不断深化,由繁杂的计量过程转化到简易的工期计价方法,由微观思维到宏观实践的结果。它是建筑工程计量方法的革新,是建筑工程计价与国际清单计价惯例的接轨。因此,本文在今后研讨建筑工程计量的方法中是有一定价值和深远意义的。     

国内门户网站品牌塑造及模型构建——基于国内外门户网站的比较研究

互联网是全球化的虚拟化,虚拟体验直接影响顾客的认知与行为,从而影响网站的品牌。基于受众体验的国内门户网站品牌塑造模型的构建,是国内门户网站在参考国外先进的网站建设的成功经验的基础上,塑造适合国内门户网站的品牌策略和一项重要的竞争策略。