引入SA8000的民企“劳方vs资方”的博弈分析

国际上关于企业社会责任的运动正在兴起,SA8000等国际标准正在逐步推行,很多出口型民企越来越多地感受到调整劳资关系的外在压力。本文运用博弈论的相关理论与方法,分析民营企业内部信用缺乏的原因,提出通过引入SA8000进行民营企业内部劳资双方信用机制设计的观点,有助于实现帕雷托最优的积极均衡。     

构建企业信用机制的必要性及主要途径

发展市场经济遵循的一条重要原则就是“诚信”,“诚信”关乎企业的信誉与形象,关乎企业的生存与发展,信用缺失会给企业带来诸多严重的社会后果,因此必须构建企业信用机制。主要途径是:加快企业信用法制建设步伐;强化企业经营者和全体员工的信用意识;加强信用中介组织对企业的服务;加强企业内部的信用管理。     

民营企业面临的内外诚信问题浅析

当前,我国的民营企业面临着形形色色的诚信问题,有发生在企业外部的,也有发生在企业内部的。在我国经济转轨过程中,这些问题愈演愈烈,逐渐演化成了大家谈之色变的“信用危机”,给民营企业的发展设置了巨大的障碍。本文认为制度的缺失或缺位是造成这些问题的主要原因,并提出了一些对策。     

民营企业人力资源配置的原则与管理对策的研究

在知识经济背景下，人力资源越来越成为企业发展的决定因素。传统的家族式管理虽然在民营企业发展的初期起到了积极的作用，但这种基于血缘和姻亲关系的家族化人力资源配置方式已经严重制约了民营企业进一步发展的步伐。因此，分析民营企业人力资源家族式管理现状，民营企业人力资源配置必须坚持开放、公平、适用、自主的原则，并借鉴国外人力资源管理经验，把员工和企业联系在一起；采取建立和完善企业内部培训制度，树立“人本管理”理念等促进民营企业的持续发展。     

民营企业“员工荒”问题实证研究

民营企业普遍面临招不到劳动力的“员工荒”问题。而员工对企业的选择很大程度上取决于对工作的满意度。通过民营企业的抽样调查得出:影响员工满意度的主要因素有工作背景、回报、时间、强度和适应性等。应在收入方面加大对员工的奖惩力度,改善企业的工作环境和员工的生活条件,强化员工培训,提高员工的满意度,以解决“员工荒”问题。     

嵌入服务利润链的永康中小民营企业内部营销对策探究

我国民营经济在改革开放后发展迅速,同时也暴露出管理落后等问题,造成员工满意度和忠诚度较低,影响了企业的营销绩效。以永康中小民营企业为例,将内部营销理念导入制造行业,通过问卷调查和深度访谈分析目前永康中小民营企业存在的问题,据此在嵌入服务利润链模型的内部营销理论指导下,借助类似营销技术提出了在永康中小民营企业内实施内部营销活动的策略组合,以期提升员工满意度,最终提升企业营销绩效。     

和谐视角下民营企业开展社会工作的若干思考

随着中国经济和社会结构的转型,民营企业内部劳资关系紧张、员工心理压力调试不顺等问题更加突出,这严重制约着员工的成长进步和企业的长久发展。民营企业的社会工作者要运用"助人自助"的专业理念,通过在企业内开展员工协助计划,发掘员工潜能,解决员工心理问题,建立起社会支持网络,促进员工个人发展,同时利用外部环境为企业发展创造良好契机。     

浅谈我国民营企业员工培训

员工培训是提高民营企业效益和增强企业持续发展动力的保证,完善的培训系统可以帮助民营企业吸引和留住优秀人才,通过增强企业内部人才的竞争力并最终增强企业的市场竞争力,但许多民营企业最容易忽略的就是员工的开发培训。本文结合作者的研究实践阐述了我国民营企业员工培训的现状,分析了存在的问题以及产生原因,并提出了相应的几点建议和对策。     

民营企业知识型员工激励与管理研究

中国的民营企业在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位,但是企业内部知识型人才的流失极大地制约了企业的发展。因此,民营企业管理者必须根据知识型员工的特点和需求,根据企业的实际情况,综合运用多种激励机制,激发知识型员工的工作热情,提高企业的管理效率。     

民企的“国企化”福利错了么？

在对职工的福利关心上，民企也越来越“国企化”：温州一家由国企改制而来的企业实行老员工“内退”制度等等。从造集体宿舍、办子弟学校、给保底工资、发过节费、授予终身员工到准予员工内退……人们似乎从一些浙江民企的身上又看到了过去国有企业的影子。于是，种种疑问纷至沓来：民营企业不要竞争力了？“企业办社会”、“铁饭碗”回潮了？“民营企业国企化”了？     

Firm boundaries and transaction costs: The complementary role of capabilities

This research addresses five criticisms of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) as the dominating view of boundary decision as follows. First, “Firm Failure” is conceptualized as a counterpart to “Market Failure”. Second, real variance in opportunism (lack of trustworthiness) substitutes for TCE's assumption of universal marketplace opportunism. Third, transaction costs are included as a mediating variable to investigate the theory's “alleged” causal mechanism. Fourth, “Firm Failure” implies that internal to the firm transaction costs increase when Dynamic Capabilities (DC) are low for insourced activities and decrease when DC is high. Finally, this study of buyer-seller relationships indicates that TCE overemphasizes the role of marketplace transaction costs, and the impact of DC is much greater on firm boundary decisions as TCE and DC explain 21 and 53% of Vertical Integration, respectively. Additionally, a model combining both views explains 63%, illustrating the complementarity of these views for both suppliers and customers.     

How to reduce the default contagion risk of intercorporate credit guarantee networks? Evidence from China

This study uses data from 2011 to 2018 for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises to construct a weighted directed network to investigate the topology of intercorporate credit guarantee networks. Moreover, based on the DebtRank algorithm, it develops a novel GuaranteeRank model that includes three factors to comprehensively examine default risk contagion and systemic risk in various scenarios. The results demonstrate that (1) credit guarantee network has the topological characteristics of “scale-free” and “small world”; (2) default contagion and systemic risk increase significantly when the macro-external shock and company's off-balance-sheet debt exceed certain threshold values, while continuous bank credit support can notably reduce the risk; (3) credit guarantee network is “robust yet fragile”, such that targeted shocks increase systemic risk much more than do random shocks; (4) in addition to the prevalent “too big to fail” and “too central to fail” phenomena, a “too connected with the central to fail” phenomenon is also identified for the first time. Therefore, this study provides an important reference for regulators and financial institutions to reduce the default contagion risk of intercorporate credit guarantee networks.     

Accounting information quality and trust as determinants of credit granting to SMEs: the role of external audit

This study analyses whether loan officers’ perception of the accounting information quality (AIQ) and the trustworthiness of SMEs are associated with a better willingness to grant them credit. Empirical evidence is obtained from a survey of 471 bank loan officers in Spain, who are asked to answer in relation to audited and not-audited firms. Using a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, the results obtained confirm that the loan officers’ willingness to facilitate SMEs’ access to credit is positively influenced by their general perception about the AIQ, but only if it is audited. In the case of not-audited firms, AIQ does not play a direct role in credit granting decision, but is relevant in trust formation. Besides, in the case of audited firms, only the “competence” dimension of trust is relevant, whereas in not-audited firms, both “competence” and “honesty” have an impact on credit granting. “Benevolence” does not have an influence in any case. The study has implications for SMEs, banks, policy makers and auditors.     

贸易便利化、中间品进口与企业出口增加值

本文将中国工业企业数据库和中国海关贸易数据库相匹配,采用双受限Tobit模型检验了贸易便利化如何通过中间品进口提升企业出口增加值。研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值存在显著的正向促进作用,其机制主要是通过中间品进口种类增加产生的技术溢出效应、中间品进口成本下降产生的成本节约效应、上游中间品进口产生的竞争效应等实现的。进一步研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值的影响存在异质性,表现为非国有企业、一般贸易企业和资本密集型企业受到的影响更大。本文认为,应该加强基础设施建设,营造良好的制度环境,积极推进贸易便利化,扩大进口中间品种类,降低进口中间品价格,抑制上游中间品企业垄断,从而提高企业出口增加值,实现开放型经济高质量发展。     

Credit Where None Is Due? Authorized‐User Account Status and Piggybacking Credit

“Piggybacking credit” is a new practice that helps consumers improve their credit scores by paying to become “authorized users” on established accounts. Authorized users are not liable for paying an account, but because of Regulation B (which implements the 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act), the account's history factors into their credit scores. As a result piggybacking can be used to manipulate the signal of creditworthiness that scores provide and may help borrowers obtain credit for which they would not have otherwise qualified. This article investigates the policy questions raised by piggybacking. First, we evaluate whether the credit history disparities that motivated these provisions of Regulation B have persisted since they were written. Then, we assess the potential for score improvement through piggybacking. Finally, we evaluate the likely score effects of allowing credit scoring models to exclude authorized‐user accounts, the most widely proposed policy response to the emergence of piggybacking.     

信贷配给对农村地区贫困的门槛效应研究

基于信贷配给对农村贫困作用的内在逻辑,运用面板门槛模型剖析了信贷配给对农村地区贫困的非线性作用及其地区差异。研究发现：降低信贷配给程度是减缓农村地区贫困的有效途径,且具有显著的门槛特征;随着农业信贷配给程度由高水平区间向低水平区间的转换,农村地区贫困与信贷配给程度的关系呈“U”型变化;信贷配给对农村地区贫困的门槛效应具有明显的区域特征,东部农村地区随着信贷配给程度的降低,增加信贷有效供给的减贫效应逐渐变弱,中西部农村地区随着农业信贷配给程度由高水平区间向低水平区间的转换,农村贫困与信贷配给程度的关系呈倒“U”型变化。     

信用环境、定向降准与小微企业信贷融资——基于合成控制法的经验研究

信用环境建设作为一项国家正大力推进的基础性金融工作,有助于缓解信息不对称。作为地方政府,如何推进信用环境建设落地成为当前的执政之要。浙江省台州市通过搭建信用信息共享平台进行了积极尝试,目前全国已有20多个地区复制推广,但是这一举措对增加小微企业信贷获取是否明显有效,学术界鲜有研究。本文基于2012—2015年城市层面季度数据,采用合成控制法,研究信用环境建设中信用信息平台的搭建对银行发放小微企业贷款的影响。研究发现,信用信息平台搭建有效地促进了银行发放小微企业贷款,但其作用效果还受到当时宏观政策背景的影响,并非一直显著。进一步使用农村商业银行微观数据研究表明,地方信用环境建设能够促进中央银行的定向降准政策在地方上发挥“支小”作用,并且随着信用环境建设质量的提升,享受定向降准政策优惠的银行其风险承担意愿也在增强,对小微企业“敢贷、愿贷”。本文的研究发现既是对“加强营商环境建设”这一决策部署的学术回应,也为“精准滴灌”货币政策的实施提供了有益参考。     

Effects of equal credit opportunity legislation in consumer finance lending

The objective of equal credit opportunity legislation (ECOL) is to eradicate discrimination against women and minority groups in the nation's consumer credit markets. Whether ECOL is successful and “benefits” such consumers is an empirical issues. Also, the “costs” of ECOL, if any, must be assayed. This article discusses these and related issues concerning the impact of ECOL. Against this background empirical findings from a nationwide consumer finance company are reviewed and implications for public policy are drawn.     

Do not swipe the small stuff: A randomized evaluation of rules of thumb-based financial education

We perform the first rigorous test of a rules of thumb-based approach to financial education on consumer behavior and outcomes. We test two rules of thumb that are targeted at reducing credit card revolving and deliver them in a randomized fashion via e-mail, online banner, and physical mailer. Using monthly administrative data and pre and postintervention credit data on almost 14,000 consumers, we find that the “Do not swipe the small stuff” rule of thumb reduces participants' targeted credit card balance by an average of 2% at a cost of around $0.50 per person. The “Credit keeps charging” rule shows a decline as well but the impact is not significant.     

出口成本、信贷约束与企业出口

出口固定成本的存在将导致企业生产率的“自我选择”效应。如果存在出口信贷约束,信贷获取能力强的企业出口表现将优于信贷获取能力差的企业。本文利用世界银行调查数据,实证发现信贷约束限制企业出口,银行营运资金贷款和固定投资贷款对企业出口的影响存在非对称性。营运资金贷款对扩大出口集约边际和扩展边际的作用都很明显,而固定投资贷款仅仅扩大出口扩展边际。此外,对于财务脆弱的企业,银行信贷的出口促进作用更加显著。