美元本位制下的货币-金融依附

战后的国际货币体系是美国主导下的美元本位制。在这一体系下,一种新型依附——货币一金融依附——形成并逐渐得到强化。这一新的依附结构给中心国家美国和广大外围带来的影响截然不同。作为一个典型的"贸易账户区",东亚在从美元本位制中获得出口导向型工业化成功的同时,也加深了对美国的货币-金融依附。广大外围要从当前的美元本位制及新的依附结构中实现脱钩自立,尚不具备充分必要条件。因此,广大外围在当下仍需走依附式发展之路,在美元本位制下谋求体系内的增量改革,而非体系外的激进革命。     

全球失衡：美元本位制下的美国国际收支失衡——基于历史的分析

本文从全球失衡的表现出发，从以美国为中心的国际分工体系调整的历史角度分析全球失衡的原因，指出当前的这种失衡是在美元本位制下国际分工体系调整所造成的。正是国际分工体系的中心——美国，不断向外转移制造业，才使其贸易赤字不断扩大，而在美元本位制下，美国又可以通过“印刷”美元和利用崛起国家的美元储备对这种贸易赤字进行融资，因此才导致美国的经常项目赤字越演越烈。这种失衡在美元本位制下是无法解决的。     

失业＋中期选举=贸易保护 “汇率操纵国”威胁的背后

中国并没有造成全球的失衡,今日全球经济失衡的根源乃在于国际货币体系的根本性缺陷——无锚的美元本位制     

美元定价、汇率传递与美元贬值对东亚经济的冲击

本文对东亚国家和地区国际商品贸易定价货币的选择进行了考察,分析了东亚汇率传递的特征及美元贬值对东亚经济的影响与冲击,并提出中国的对策。研究发现:美元定价已成为外部冲击向东亚经济传导的重要渠道;美元定价导致美国和东亚之间只存在单向的汇率传递,从而削弱约束美元贬值的内在机制;在美元定价条件下,东亚国家在面对美元贬值对经济的刺激作用时乐观其成,但是在面对美元贬值所带来的"滞胀"冲击时却没有有效的隔离机制。     

美国利用“债务本位”隐性违约

“美元本位制”实际上已经演变为美国的“债务本位制”。美国可以通过增发货币以履行偿付义务或稀释对外债务，即通过储备货币贬值变相隐陧违约。在低息借贷的同时，美国却通过对外大量进行长期投资获取巨大经济利益     

从高盛“欺诈门”看国际货币体系内在缺陷

纯粹美元本位制和浮动汇率，给整个人类经济体系制造了难以估计的危害：（1）浮动汇率体系导致过去40年全球储备货币天文数字般急剧上升。1970年，全球储备货币只有451亿美元，     

通胀推动全球货币体系变革

在商品市场的投机链条中，美元计价是一个关键环节，商品高涨和美元贬值的同步是投机者实施货币攻击的前提。如果从此处入手，应能够比较有效地切断投机链条，从根本上化解美元本位制的缺陷     

解读石油美元:规模、流向及其趋势

在以往关于国际经济不平衡的分析中,往往把美国、欧洲和东亚当作传统三角来看待,在这样的三角中,东亚总是被反复指责为重商主义的典型,似乎来自东亚的源源不断的出口产品,以及东亚不断积累的贸易顺差是全球经济失衡的关键因素.但是当我们把视角加以转换,从美国、产油国、东亚这新三角关系,从国际资本流动尤其是美元的再循环问题来分析近年来的全球经济失衡时,也许更能看清其危害的实质.本文分析是基于石油美元的规模、流向,以及在新三角格局下,对国际经济失衡的重新解读,从中可以看出,高油价使得全球美元需求上升,石油美元则又便利了美元的国际再循环,同时石油衍生产品的发展使得石油定价权迅速向石油衍生品的大交易者转移.在此过程中,东亚美元不断因为高油价被迫分流为石油美元,美国极有可能是高油价的最大获益者.中国和东亚各国应当如何应对石油美元的挑战?     

美国次级债危机及其对东亚经济的影响与对策

世界美元本位下,美国放纵的经济政策是美国次级债危机产生和对世界经济产生重大影响的深层次原因。东亚经济体为世界美元本位提供了最重要的支撑,而美元本位也放大了次级债危机对东亚经济的影响。加强东亚区域间货币合作是削弱美元本位、应对类似次级债危机的美国资产泡沫破灭对东亚经济冲击的根本之策。     

美元国际循环问题的实证分析

在现行国际货币体系下,美元国际循环模式与世界经济运行特征交互作用。本文在对美元国际循环机制进行探讨的基础上,运用协整检验、因果关系检验、广义脉冲响应函数等时间序列方法检验美国的外债和经常账户之间的关系。结果显示:20世纪80年代中期以来,美元以经常账户逆差的形式流向世界,并以购买美元债券和美元金融资产的方式流回美国,形成美元国际循环链条。这种循环模式在很大程度上取决于美元本位制是否可持续,并在长期内面临越来越严峻的挑战进而难以为继。     

Yen bloc or koala bloc? Currency relationships after the East Asian crisis

During the 1990s, several studies found evidence for a “yen bloc”, a significant and strengthening relationship between the Japanese yen and East Asian currencies possibly due to regional trade and investment by Japan. It appears that the Australian dollar now plays a similar role in the East Asian region, and the linkages between the Australian dollar and the Asian currencies show as much support for a “koala bloc” as a “yen bloc”. This study concludes that the US dollar appears to have declined in importance in post-1997 crisis East Asia, while Australia and Japan are becoming increasingly important regional influences.     

Causes of the financial crisis and the need of monetary cooperation in East Asia

The Main causes of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997–98 can be divided into domestic and foreign ones. The domestic cause stems from structural and liquidity problems, with growing share of non‐performing loans in the financial sector, posing as the most visible manifestation of such problems. On the other side, there is the foreign cause, the sudden fall of the yen against the dollar under the region's unstable foreign exchange system and also its over‐dependency on the dollar. Unfortunately, these causes have not yet disappeared. In order to prevent another financial economic crisis from recurring and to secure the regional currency stability in the long run, an external safety device is indispensable. The purpose of the East Asian monetary cooperation device is not only to absorb the external shocks caused by abrupt changes in the dollar/yen rate and sudden flow of capital, but also to settle international liquidity problems among the regional countries. If a device for the East Asian monetary cooperation is established, transparency in both financial and physical markets will be augmented and in the process, so will be the stability of financial and physical transactions.     

Exchange rates,global imbalances,and interdependence in East Asia

The paper analyzes East Asian interdependence in the face of global imbalances. A macro-econometric multinational model is used, describing Korea, Japan, China and the rest of East Asia in their respective relations with the United States as well as with the rest of the world. US imbalances and their expected consequences, notably a depreciation of the dollar and the slowdown of US demand, have rather contrasted effects on East Asian economies, depending on relative magnitudes of the two components. Korea is more affected by the dollar depreciation while China is more exposed to the US slowdown. Japan, less open and less dependent on the US market, is less touched. The correction of East Asian exchange-rate misalignments, which have prevailed since the beginning of the 2000s, would badly affect East Asian economies if undertaken too abruptly. Lastly, the perspective of creating an area of stabilised exchange rates between won, yen and other currencies, organized either as a common currencies basket system or in a regime based on the ACU, is explored preliminarily. Sets of simulations comparing adjustment mechanisms between East Asian countries, with or without the possibility of monetary adjustment, illustrate the cost of precluding exchange-rate adjustments in the case of asymmetric demand shocks.     

Should East Asia’s currencies be pegged to the yen? The role of invoice currency

Growing concern that a dollar peg exposes East Asian economies to fluctuations in the dollar–yen exchange rate has stimulated research on currency basket regimes as alternatives for these economies. However, existing studies have mostly ignored an important characteristic of East Asia, i.e., most of its international trade is invoiced in the U.S. dollars. This paper investigates how the preponderance of dollar invoicing affects optimal currency basket regimes for East Asian economies. I develop a three-country center-periphery sticky-price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the analysis. The model is solved numerically by taking second-order approximations to the policy functions with the expected lifetime utility of households chosen as the welfare criterion. Contrary to the conjecture of existing literature, I show that predominance of dollar invoicing implies that the dollar should receive a smaller weight than suggested by bilateral trade shares between emerging markets in East Asia and the United States. The results hinge on the interaction of different degrees of pass-through implied by the choice of invoice currency and endogenous responses of monetary policies in the center countries.     

超越东亚模式:金融危机中的东亚与中国

东亚发展模式在这次由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机中暴露出严重的局限性,其依靠投入与出口拉动的经济增长模式形成了对美国市场、美元及美国金融的高度依赖,使得本次危机透过金融渠道、货币渠道以及商品渠道对东亚经济体造成前所未有的冲击。东亚国家与地区应以这次危机为契机,调整其传统的经济发展模式,即通过体制机制创新来建立以技术进步和效率提升为动力,内需主导与外需相结合的全面促进经济发展的新模式。同时,加强区域合作,形成亚洲区域内经济循环机制,以期有效缓解外部冲击。     

Was it really a dollar peg?: The exchange rate policies of East Asian countries, 1980–1997

This paper examines the exchange rate policies of East Asian countries during the period preceding the currency crisis of 1997, in an attempt to ascertain the extent to which they could be considered, as they frequently are, as a dollar peg. We do so by estimating the implicit weights of foreign currencies in the nominal exchange rate determination of East Asian currencies by means of a time-varying parameter model. The crucial element of our approach concerns how the weight of the Japanese yen was altered in response to the movement of the yen–dollar exchange rate. It is found that, while the weight of the U.S. dollar was large and the weight of the Japanese yen was small for the period as a whole, the weight of the yen was raised in some of the countries in the early 1990s. In particular, the Korean and Malaysian authorities raised the weight of the yen when the yen depreciated against the U.S. dollar, while the Singaporean authorities raised the weight of the yen when the yen appreciated against the dollar.     

The co-movement of stock markets in East Asia: Did the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis really strengthen stock market integration?

This paper examines the integration and causality of interdependencies among seven major East Asian stock exchanges before, during, and after the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis. For this purpose, we use daily stock market data from July 1, 1992 to June 30, 2003 in local currency as well as US dollar terms. The data reveal that the relationships among East Asian stock markets are time varying. While stock market interactions are limited before the Asian financial crisis, we find that Hong Kong and Singapore respond significantly to shocks in most other East Asian markets, including Shanghai and Shenzhen, during this crisis. After the crisis, shocks in Hong Kong and Singapore largely affect other East Asian stock markets, except for those in Mainland China. Finally, considering the role of the USA shows that it strongly influences stock returns in East Asia – except for Mainland China – in all periods, while the reverse does not hold true.     

Currency Substitution and the Stability of the Demand for Money in East Asia

Abstract

This paper models and tests the stability of the demand for money in five East Asian countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—in the context of an open economy. The Johansen multivariate cointegration vector error correction analysis against quarterly data covering the period 1985:1–2001:4 was used. It was found that a stationary long run cointegrating relationship exists between broad money, real income, domestic interest rates, foreign interest rates corrected for exchange rate depreciation, and the expected rate of depreciation of the exchange rate. The results show that US Treasury bills rates and the foreign exchange rate vis-à-vis the US dollar play a significant role in the East Asian countries money demand relationship. This suggests that currency substitution vis-à-vis the US dollar may be an important consideration in the design and implementation of monetary policy in the East Asian countries. Furthermore, the results show that the Asian currency crises impacted the money demand functions negatively in these countries. CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests show no evidence of parameter instability of the money demand functions in three of the five countries throughout the period under investigation.     

东亚的美元本位:影响和汇率协调及我国的对策

在以美元为主导的国际货币体系框架下,东亚地区事实上处于美元区内,没有自己的货币定价权。为了克服美元本位制度的弊端和对美元依赖造成的负面影响,东亚地区需要积极开展汇率协调或汇率合作,为本地区的经济发展营造良好稳定的宏观环境。我国应该积极参与东亚外汇储备库的建设,稳步推进人民币的区域化和国际化的步伐,以积极主动的姿态,参与东亚国家的汇率协调与合作。     

Fear of appreciation in East and Southeast Asia: The role of the Chinese renminbi

Our study brings into light evidence of the important role of the Chinese renminbi in shaping the exchange rate behavior of a select group of East Asian currencies. Results obtained suggest that there is an additional dimension to the ‘fear of appreciation’ or ‘fear of floating-in-reverse’ behavior, initially coined by Levy-Yeyati and Sturzengger (2007) with regard to the experiences of this group of East Asian currencies. In particular, we find that there is a greater degree of aversion to appreciation of these East Asian currencies—specifically, the Philippine peso and the Thailand baht—against the Chinese renminbi than against the US dollar. This heightened fear of appreciation against the Chinese currency confirms that trade competition matters in this part of the world and that this fear to appreciate plays a central role in the exchange rate management of major East Asian currencies. As envisaged, the increasing role of China as a major trading hub in the region as well as globally, implies that the Chinese renminbi would exert a growing significant influence on other currencies in the region.