Student loans in developing countries: government versus company loans

Using data from the International Finance Corporation study on private investment in education, Tooley and West give details of two types of international experience with student loans. In particular they look at the government student loan scheme in Thailand and loan schemes offered by various for-profit and nonprofit education companies in Peru, Colombia and India. Difficulties are pointed out with regard to the government scheme, which it may be possible to alleviate under the company schemes.     

Default risk and private student loans: Implications for higher education policies

In recent years, the proportion of students facing a binding constraint on government student loans has grown. This has led to substantially increased use of private loans as a supplementary source of finance for households׳ higher education investment. A critical aspect of the private market for student loans is that loan terms must reflect students׳ risk of default. College investment will therefore differ from a world in which government student loans, whose terms are not sensitive to credit risk, are expanded to no longer bind. Moreover, beyond simply crowding out private lending, expansions of the government student loan program will feed back into default risk on private loans. The goal of this paper is to provide a quantitative assessment of the likely effects of the private market for student loans on college enrollment. We build a model of college investment that reflects uninsured idiosyncratic risk and a well-defined life-cycle that is consistent with observed borrowing and default behavior across family income and college preparedness. We find that higher government borrowing limits increase college investment but lead to more default in the private market for student loans, while tuition subsides increase college investment and reduce default rates in the private market. Consequently, higher limits on government student loans have small negative welfare effects, while tuition subsidies increase aggregate welfare.     

税收非对称性与银行风险监管关系研究

通过将银行收入税的非对称性引入模型,分析银行在存在风险的情况下如何确定最优贷款期限以及收入税将如何影响银行决策者的决策过程,然后采用一个动态博弈的框架来讨论最优的银行监管政策。结果表明,非对称性的收入税对银行的贷款风险大小产生影响,它使得银行开始关心并减少风险,为银行业的监管和减少不良贷款提供了一个思路。     

城区特征对房贷的影响

城区特征通过多种途径影响商业银行住房抵押贷款决策.商业银行可以根据城区特征判断一个城区的住房抵押贷款违约风险,进而确定对该城区的最低首付款比例或拒贷率.通过分析国外城区特征对商业银行住房抵押贷款决策的影响机制,联系我国实际情况,指出我国商业银行根据城区特征进行住房抵押贷款决策具有合理性,建议商业银行密切关注城区住房价格波动率,并建议政府限制中低收入城区商业银行的数量.     

A SECURITISED MARKET FOR HUMAN CAPITAL

This paper proposes a simple finance innovation with an income‐contingent repayment system to supplement our current fixed‐interest rate student loan system. Income‐contingent repayments could be pooled and securitised while lenders could sell these lifetime equity‐like human capital securities to investors who seek to diversify their existing portfolios. Without increasing the government's fiscal burden, this innovation would significantly reduce entry barriers facing finance‐constrained college students in a continually rising cost environment.     

商业银行国家助学贷款之风险分析

文章着重论述了国家助学贷款的信贷风险问题,指出国家助学贷款是一种财政贴息无担保的信用贷款,是一项公共政策;提出防范助学贷款的信贷风险,需要构建以国家征信体系为基础的社会诚信环境,完善全国性的个人征信信息系统,大力推广生源地贷款,创建助学贷款的风险管理系统。     

浅析国家助学贷款毕业生违约原因与对策

文中透过分析学生贷款违约原因,找出减少贷款毕业生违约的途径和对策,让国家助学贷款工作朝着健康、有序、可持续性方向发展。     

浅析高校在国家助学贷款政策实施中的角色重新定位

国家助学贷款是银行发放的用于全日制高等学校在校生支付学费和生活费的贷款。在国家助学贷款的具体实施过程中,高校作为学生和银行的桥梁,每年要向经办银行交纳一定数额的风险补偿金来为学生贷款作担保。然而近年来持续走低的还款率给各高校带来负担,使我们不得不深思高校在助学贷款中角色的转变,给高校的多重角色重新定位。本文在对某高校助学贷款的具体实施进行调查的基础上,提出了高校在助学贷款实施中的多重角色的转变,其中包括淡化担保者角色,丰富教育者及协助者角色的内涵,并提出在各种角色中高校的具体职责。     

Is Improving Access to University Enough? Socio‐Economic Gaps in the Earnings of English Graduates

Much research and policy attention has been on socio‐economic gaps in participation at university, but less attention has been paid to socio‐economic gaps in graduates’ earnings. This paper addresses this shortfall using tax and student loan administrative data to investigate the variation in earnings of English graduates by socio‐economic background. We find that graduates from higher income families (with median income of around 77,000) have average earnings which are 20% higher than those from lower income families (with median income of around £26,000). Once we condition on institution and subject choices, this premium roughly halves, to around 10%. The premium grows with age and is larger for men, in particular for men at the most selective universities. We estimate the extent to which different institutions and subjects appear to deliver good earnings for relatively less well off students, highlighting the strong performance of medicine, economics, law, business, engineering, technology and computer science, as well as the prominent London‐based universities.     

The prevalence and impact of misstated incomes on mortgage loan applications

Misstatement of income on mortgage loan applications (the “liar-loan” problem) is thought to have been a contributor to the boom and bust of mortgage markets. We provide nationwide measurements that reflect the degree to which incomes on mid-2000 home-purchase mortgage loan applications were overstated relative to the actual incomes of mortgage applicants. Our results suggest a substantial degree of income overstatement in 2005 and 2006, one consistent with the average mortgage application overstating income 15–20%. We find the tendency to misstate income was associated with markets with large home-price increases during the boom. There is little support for the proposition that income overstatement played a substantial role in subsequent mortgage defaults.     

基于产业异质性的银行贷款政策效应分析——来自上市银行的经验证据

在银行信贷资金配置存在产业间差异的假定下,建立引入产业因素的银行贷款决定模型,考察产业因素影响银行贷款渠道有效性的内在机制,并运用2007年到2010年14家上市银行和5组产业数据展开动态面板模型估计,结果表明:从贷款需求角度看,各个产业的产出对产业贷款的影响效应存在产业间差异;从贷款供给角度看,人民银行运用货币政策工具调控产业贷款的影响效应也存在产业间差异。也就是说,产业因素确实影响到人民银行调控各个特定产业贷款的力度。     

商业银行国家助学贷款之风险分析

文章着重论述了国家助学贷款的信贷风险问题,指出国家助学贷款是一种财政贴息无担保的信用贷款,是一项公共政策;提出防范助学贷款的信贷风险,需要构建以国家征信体系为基础的社会诚信环境,完善全国性的个人征信信息系统,大力推广生源地贷款,创建助学贷款的风险管理系统。     

Factors affecting delinquency of household credit in the U.S.: Does consumer sentiment play a role?

In this study, we provide both theoretical and empirical evidence on the determinants of household loan delinquency for home ownership, credit card and auto loans for the U.S. states in a panel framework over a period from 2003 through 2017. In particular, we examine the impact of consumer sentiments on loan delinquency rates. We show that improved current consumer sentiment significantly induce lower mortgage, credit card and automobile loan defaults in the American states subdivided into four different regions. We also find that the higher overall and expected consumer sentiment raise loan delinquencies. Implicit in this finding is the apparently excessive and inappropriate expansion of loans in the U.S. economy in the face of consumers’ optimism, which in turn, provides an intuitive understanding of the circumstances that could precede a depression or outbreak of anomalies in the financial sector. Our general findings further exhibit significant positive effect of unemployment rate and mostly adverse effect of per capita income on mortgage and automobile loan delinquency rates. The results provide some compelling evidence with regard to the effect of consumer confidence on household credit delinquency rates across various states in the U.S. and are robust to alternative measures of income and mortgage rates.     

基于供给侧的承包经营权抵押贷款需求与可获性研究——以常州市武进区为例

以全国农村改革试验区的新型农业经营主体作为研究对象,以多项Probit模型估计作为主要研究方法,对承包经营权抵押贷款需求与可获性的影响因素、存在联系进行分析。研究结果表明：目前的农地承包经营权抵押贷款存在着处于制度探索阶段的内部微观供求结构错位和外部宏观供求平衡特征的小范围均衡。无论是需求还是可获性都受经营者教育水平、家庭年总收入和土地规模的影响,人们可以从这三方面入手进一步实现需求与可获性的均衡。最后,基于供给侧结构性改革思路为经营权抵押的改革试验提出了针对性的政策建议。     

The effects of income taxation on severance pay

Severance pay often results from a bargain between the firm and the employee to avoid or terminate a legal conflict. We theoretically investigate how income taxation affects these negotiations. Using panel data from West Germany and exploiting a change in tax law in 1999, we find that a higher income tax on severance pay reduces the probability of obtaining it and – in some specifications – also lowers its amount. Our results imply overshifting of the increase in the tax burden.     

Has Federal Student Aid Contributed to Equality in Higher Education?

ABSTRACT. TO analyze the effect of federal student aid on the structure of the higher educational system, an index of inequality of access is developed It measures the differences in the distribution of income of entering students , as compared to the U S distribution of income at thirteen different categories of institutions Its application shows that structural inequality exists in the nation's system of higher education and that while some improvements occurred in the 1970s, especially at the bottom of the system, by 1986 most of these gains had been eliminated When these indices were regressed against per capita federal student financial aid , relative student costs , and variables reflecting changes in the larger economy, using time series data, the aid variables show little or no statistical effect on the structural inequality of the nation's system of higher education, as measured by the index of inequality On the other hand, the cost variable generally has strong effect The general economic variables occasionally have significant effect     

Investing in private higher education in developing countries: recent experiences of the International Finance Corporation

Higher education, which provides mainly 'private goods,' is being opened to private investment in many parts of the world. The paper describes the pioneering efforts of the International Finance Corporation in this field. The IFC has approved investments in nine universities, two specialised training centres and two student loan programmes. It is too early to draw firm conclusions about the case for this form of investment, but the paper deals with some of the issues which have arisen and provides some 'guideposts' for evaluating future investments.     

Investing in private higher education in developing countries: recent experiences of the International Finance Corporation

Higher education, which provides mainly‘private goods,’is being opened to private investment in many parts of the world. The paper describes the pioneering efforts of the International Finance Corporation in this field. The IFC has approved investments in nine universities, two specialised training centres and two student loan programmes. It is too early to draw firm conclusions about the case for this form of investment, but the paper deals with some of the issues which have arisen and provides some‘guideposts’for evaluating future investments.     

The impacts of competition and shadow banking on profitability: Evidence from the Chinese banking industry

This paper contributes to the empirical literature on banking profitability by testing the impacts of competition and shadow banking on bank profitability using a sample of 100 Chinese commercial banks over 2003–2013 with 417 and 395 observations. The current study fills the gaps in the empirical studies by examining the competition in different banking markets (i.e. deposit market, loan market and non-interest income market) in China and further evaluating their impacts on bank profitability. The findings show that the non-interest income market has a higher level of competition compared to the deposit market and loan market. It is further reported that a lower level of competition in deposit market leads to an increase in the profitability of Chinese commercial banks. Finally, the results suggest that shadow banking improves the profitability of Chinese banks.     

Usufructuary Mortgages in Rural South Asian Economies

A bstract . A section of the informal credit market in an agrarian society is explored, namely the usufructuary land mortgage , a type of money-lending contract that is common in rural economies of South Asia. In this type of transaction, the lender charges no explicit interest on the loan, but since the mortgagee is free to utilize the land for his own cultivation , net income from the land is, in effect, an implicit form of interest payment. Issues relating to the determination of the rate of interest and the oft-found phenomenon of undervaluation of the collateral are discussed. A model is provided that shows the proper relationship between undervaluation of collaterals and the high implicit usufruct rates of interest. This relationship can only be understood by defining the opportunity cost of money in terms of purchasing new land. It is shown that, for any rate of default less than 100%, return from money lending is lower than return from land purchase under certain circumstances. It is then argued that undervaluation of collateral may be a mechanism to compensate the lender for the opportunity cost of his funds.