当今社会的怀旧商品——浅析怀旧情感与怀旧消费的转化机制与营销策略

目前营销领域对怀旧的研究往往认为怀旧情感与怀旧消费有着理所当然的承接关系,基于大量的文献综述与理论分析,本研究发现,其实怀旧情感产生后向消费转化的过程是一个极其复杂的心理过程,企业也需要非常细致地研究和制定应对策略。本文主要介绍在现代社会环境下,怀旧商品在激发起消费者的情感认知以后,消费者心理有着怎样的变化规律,各类情形下消费者如何产生对商家、品牌以及企业的情感认知,进而对消费者的购买决策造成影响。     

消费者怀旧情感对品牌忠诚的影响

每个消费者都或多或少存在怀旧情感,企业很早就开始利用消费者的怀旧需求开展怀旧营销。消费者品牌关系是品牌忠诚的重要影响因素,而消费者怀旧水平对品牌信任与依恋有一定的影响,品牌信任和依恋对品牌承诺有很大的促进作用,品牌承诺是品牌忠诚的核心驱动因素。由此可见,消费者的怀旧情感可以通过品牌关系的中介而作用于品牌忠诚,企业可以通过开发各种营销策略,为消费者提供怀旧体验的平台,从而提高消费者的品牌忠诚度。     

消费者怀旧情感研究评述

在社会转型时期,怀旧是一种比较常见的社会现象.在营销领域,虽然一些企业把怀旧作为一种营销手段,但对消费者怀旧情感的理论研究才刚刚起步.文章对消费者怀旧情感的结构维度、测量方法、影响因素与营销功能等方面的文献进行了重点梳理,发现自1989年霍尔布鲁克和辛德勒(Holbrook&Schindler)把怀旧引入消费者行为研究领域以来,学者们在怀旧情感的定义、测量、对购买决策的影响等方面取得了不少积极的成果,但在怀旧情感的结构维度及其测量、怀旧情感的产生机制以及怀旧情感的营销功能等方面还存在较大的研究空间.     

广告,成也怀旧败也怀旧

怀旧广告与消费者定情,其他手法的品牌形象广告为品牌定性,具体的产品广告为消费者定心,通过三大组合拳打造出强大的品牌力。怀旧广告在旧的形式下,融入新内涵、新情感,再辅助于升级的产品,就有可能彻底击溃消费者的内心堡垒。     

品牌声誉影响消费者品牌依赖的机制研究:品牌关系利益的中介效应

用品牌依赖替代品牌忠诚,通过检验品牌关系利益的中介效应与消费者心理特质(社会归属感)的调节效应,分析品牌声誉影响消费者品牌依赖的过程机制,结果表明:品牌声誉正向影响消费者品牌依赖;品牌关系利益中信任利益与情感利益两个维度在品牌声誉对消费者品牌依赖的影响中起部分中介作用,且两个维度的中介作用存在差异性;消费者心理特质(社会归属感)在品牌声誉影响消费者感知品牌关系利益和形成品牌依赖的过程中不存在显著的直接影响.     

怀旧广告的五种玩法

怀旧是对过往景象的再现,怀旧更是对昔日情感的温习。所以,怀旧广告追求的实际上是两个情——情景与情感。情景用来加深记忆,强化联想,深化内涵;情感重在引起共鸣,催生对往事的回忆,对旧情的怀念,从而增加对产品的好感,强化对品牌的认同。其实不管是情景也好,情感也罢,     

城市品牌依恋影响机理研究——基于上海、泉州、兰州、岳阳的实证分析

文章从消费者行为视角切入,运用结构方程的定量研究方法,通过"消费者—品牌"关系分析了利益相关者(居民、潜在迁入者、旅游者、投资者等)城市品牌依恋对其城市品牌忠诚的影响机理。实证结果表明,城市品牌个性、城市品牌享乐主义价值、怀旧情感、城市品牌涉入度对利益相关者城市品牌依恋的形成具有直接影响;利益相关者对城市品牌的依恋通过消费者—品牌关系(信任、满意、承诺维度)对其城市品牌忠诚产生显著影响。     

每个人心中都有一个“娃娃头”——怀旧情感，为品牌注入新活力

当一些老品牌逐渐远离我们的视线时，却依然有一些曾经的美好记忆遗留在我们心里。老品牌所被承载的产品即使消失，依然会有很多怀旧的元素是消费者们无法忘记的，而那些怀旧的体验，一旦被能够与消费者产生共鸣的符号重新唤起，就会为品牌带来新的价值。怀旧风潮的兴起，更是让老品牌的旧元素有重见天日的机会。利用怀旧元素作为切入点，让消费者重新体验往昔的美好时光，从而与产品或品牌产生共鸣。因此，适当应用怀旧元素来吸引消费者也是为品牌注入新活力的一种途径，例如娃娃头雪糕，就正是这样一种可以被唤起的怀旧元素点。     

国外品牌联合评价机制研究综述——基于消费者视角

品牌联合作为一种新兴的品脾资产提升手段受到学术界和业界的普遍关注.而消费者对品牌联合的评价机制正是其中的热点问题之一.目前固外有关品牌联合评价机制的研究成果主要可以概括为两类主流观点,一是基于态度的情感迁移机制,二是基于属性的信息整合机制.本文对这两种机制进行了深入细致的介绍、评述和比较,并在此基础上提出了进一步探索评价机制选择影响因素的构想.     

拟人化沟通对消费者品牌依恋的影响

在市场消费者选择日趋多样化的时代,企业必须不断创造新营销方式,使消费者对品牌形成情感依恋。本文以"拟人化沟通"为切入点,通过两个实验分析拟人化沟通、依恋风格和产品类型对消费者品牌依恋的影响,发现拟人化沟通与消费者依恋风格之间的交互作用显著,专注型依恋风格的消费者更容易对品牌产生品牌依恋;产品类型对拟人化沟通、依恋风格之间的交互关系具有调节作用,即无论是否采用拟人化沟通方式,专注型依恋风格的消费者对于享乐型产品都更容易产生品牌依恋;对于实用型产品采用拟人化沟通方式时,专注型依恋风格的消费者更容易产生品牌依恋,当品牌不采用拟人化沟通方式时,安全型依恋风格的消费者更容易产生品牌依恋。因此,可以通过拟人化沟通的营销方式激发消费者的拟人化感知,促进消费者与品牌建立情感联系并形成品牌依恋;企业应将有限的资源用于最有可能产生品牌依恋的消费者身上,应注重消费者定位,避免资源的浪费。     

What Did You Do to My Brand? The Moderating Effect of Brand Nostalgia on Consumer Responses to Changes in a Brand

Previous research on consumer nostalgia has concluded that nostalgic feelings primarily have a positive effect on consumers, boosting positive feelings and affective responses. However, evidence suggests that consumers who hold nostalgic feelings toward a specific brand sometimes respond negatively to updated or modified versions of the brand. This research tests the moderating effect of consumers’ brand nostalgia on their responses to changes to a brand. Across four studies, the authors find that consumers who are nostalgic toward a specific brand exhibit a positive bias toward the original version of the brand that leads them to perceive the brand as having changed more than do less nostalgic consumers. Further, when the change to the brand is perceived to be large, individuals who are highly nostalgic for a brand show a significantly sharper decrease in reported attitude and behavioral intentions toward the changed brand than do their less nostalgic counterparts. This effect is in opposition to the positive effects of a general tendency toward nostalgia proneness. These results are replicated across multiple product categories and both manipulated and real changes, and the effect is found to be mediated by the consumer's biased perception of how much the brand has changed.     

The relative influence of advertising-evoked personal and historical nostalgic thoughts on consumers' brand attitudes

Although researchers' conceptualizations of nostalgia (a yearning for the past) often acknowledge that it may be comprised of various types and forms, few studies to date have attempted to empirically investigate any of these differences in an advertising context. The study reported here examines two prevalent types of nostalgia reported in the literature and appearing in the media today – personal and historical nostalgia – and explores the relative influence each type may have on the formation of consumer brand attitudes. Findings suggest that, irrespective of whether individuals are exposed to a personally nostalgic or historically nostalgic ad, responses of a personally nostalgic nature tend to predominate and are more influential in shaping brand attitudes. Attitudes toward the ad were shown to mediate this relationship for both nostalgia ad types. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and future research directions are offered.     

An Empirical Investigation of the Differential Effects of Personal,Historical, and Non-Nostalgic Advertising on Consumer Responses

Using a theory-driven approach, this study investigates whether and/or to what extent consumers' informationprocessing tendencies and ad-based responses are differentially influenced by the introduction of nostalgic cues (either "personal" or "historical" in nature) embedded in an advertisement. The results support hypothesized expectations that personal nostalgia (a yearning for one's past) generally outperforms both historical and non-nostalgic advertising when measures of self-directed thoughts, positive affect, and attitude toward the ad are considered. However, when cognitive measures (i.e., brand/message-related cognitive responses and message recall) are considered, a personally nostalgic ad is shown to be comparable to a historical nostalgic ad, but inferior to a non-nostalgic ad. Regression results utilizing cognitive response data further indicate that individuals' brand attitudes are differentially influenced by the type of nostalgia evoked. Practical and theoretical implications for the study's findings are discussed, and future research directions are presented.     

Exploring the elements of consumer nostalgia in retailing: Evidence from a content analysis of retailer collages

This article focuses on consumer nostalgia in the retailing environment to identify the types of nostalgic memories evoked by remembering a retailer and the elements associated with such nostalgic memories. A projective technique involving collage construction enabled informants to reflect their feelings about, memories of, experiences with, or relationships with a retailer that they have selected. The findings uncovered three distinct types of retailer-related consumer nostalgic memories and six elements that comprise retailer-related consumer nostalgic memories. The findings of the study offer a comprehensive understanding of retailer consumer nostalgia. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.     

Consumer–Brand Relationships: A Contrast of Nostalgic and Non‐Nostalgic Brands

This research examined how consumer–brand relationships change when one contrasts brands perceived as nostalgic with brands perceived as non‐nostalgic. Paired comparisons of brands in six product categories revealed that brand attachment, self‐brand connections, and storytelling, as well as, the propensity to offer the brand as a gift and collect brand‐derived products, depend on the nostalgic status of the brand. On a sample of 606 consumers, the results showed that a brand's nostalgic status has a positive effect on attachment, self‐brand connections, and storytelling. These effects had not previously been considered in nostalgia research. Furthermore, the nostalgic status of a brand has positive effects in terms of intention to purchase the brand as a gift and collect brand‐derived products. Moreover, ANOVA results illustrate that consumer relationships with nostalgic brands are systematically stronger than with non‐nostalgic brands. Finally, results indicated that product category moderates all of the dimensions of brand relationships while gender does not.     

Development and validation of an emic scale to measure ad-evoked nostalgia in France

The practice of imbuing marketing communications with nostalgic reverie is prevalent in numerous countries. However, scholarly research investigating consumer response to such communication across cultures is lacking. This inquiry follows an emic approach examining and measuring ad-evoked personal nostalgia in France. Findings from five studies (N = 699) reveal significant differences in consumer reactions in France, as compared to earlier research based on American samples. Among the French, nostalgic advertising evokes personal memories and cultural nostalgia, contrasted to reports of past imagery, physiological and positive and negative emotional reactions in the United States. Furthermore, while cultural nostalgia is an important component of the French personal nostalgic experience, it is the personal memories that are the key to the creation of positive impressions about the ad and brand (brand heritage, brand bonds, and attitudes), and driving behavioral intentions. The emic French scale was found to be superior to an etic ad-nostalgia measure, in terms of fit and variance explained of the endogenous variables. The findings contribute to cross-cultural advertising and marketing research, and can be instructive for advertisers targeting the French market.     

Away from “Unified Nostalgia”: Conceptual Differences of Personal and Historical Nostalgia Appeals in Advertising

Studies suggest that nostalgia can be split into two distinct forms: Personal and Historical nostalgia. This research explores these varieties of nostalgic appeal and, based on literature, proposes differing effects these variations may have on the important consumer behavior responses of cognition, emotions, attitudes, and purchase intentions. A review of the literature suggests that significant differences will exist dependent on the type of nostalgic appeal being used. The call for scales to test these appeals independently of one another is also made. Finally, this evidence suggests that treatment of nostalgia as a “unified” concept may be inaccurate in predicting true consumer responses and future studies should treat the two types as separate appeals if rigor is to be suggested.     

The influence of life satisfaction on nostalgic advertising and attitude toward a brand

Nostalgic advertising has become a popular means for advertisers to reach their consumers. A viewer's life satisfaction is an important factor that may influence the effect of nostalgic advertising. Positive life satisfaction is an important determinant of nostalgic advertising receptivity. Thus, the present study builds a model for the relationships among life satisfaction, nostalgic advertising, emotional response toward a brand, ad attitude and purchase intention. Life satisfaction was identified as an antecedent variable for evoked nostalgia. In addition, emotional response to the advertised brand was shown to be an important predictor of purchase intent. The findings provide insightful implications for marketers and advertisers by identifying meaningful relationships between life satisfaction and nostalgic advertising.