收入不确定性对农民消费的影响研究

不确定性一直是限制农民消费的重要因素,研究和测算不确定性对我国农民消费的影响对于解决农民消费问题具有重要意义。本文通过调整离差率对收入不确定性进行测算,并采取构造消费函数和进行分段比较两种方法对收入不确定性与农民消费之间的作用关系进行实证研究。研究发现:收入不确定性的数值大小及其方向问题都对农民消费具有显著影响。进而,在此基础上,提出促进我国农民消费升级的对策建议。     

收入分配和不确定性对城镇居民消费的影响——基于动态面板模型的检验

笔者利用1998—2008年30个省(市)的相关数据分析消费习惯、收入、收入分配差距、教育和医疗支出的不确定性以及房价、利率等因素对消费的影响。实证结果表明,消费习惯、收入、房价、利率和不确定性对居民消费都有显著影响;收入、收入分配差距是影响居民消费的主要因素,弹性系数分别达0.83和-0.21;利率和购房支出对居民消费有正向影响,但影响不大;教育和医疗等体制改革导致的居民对未来支出预期的不确定性是影响城镇居民消费的重要因素。     

The Impact of Vocational Training on the Unemployment Duration

In this study, we estimate a semiparametric hazard model to assess the impact of vocational training on the duration of unemployment spells. Our research work is based on the data obtained from the District Labor Office in Słupsk, Poland from 1999 to 2007. We employ matching methods to take into account the potential sample selection problem, i.e., finding an adequate control group for the group of trainees. Therefore, we estimate a random-effects probit model for the likelihood of participation in a training program. The main question of this paper is whether the training significantly raises the transition rate from unemployment to employment in the short and the long run.     

The Effect of Hysteresis on Fluctuations in Unemployment and Inflation when Inflation Expectations are Adaptive

The recent level of unemployment may affect the natural rate of unemployment. The implications of such an hysteresis effect for macroeconomic fluctuations is analyzed using a stochastic dynamic model. The greater the importance of an hysteresis effect, the more pronounced are fluctuations in unemployment and inflation. Complete hysteresis causes the economy to be unstable.     

异质预期对货币政策实施效果的影响分析

异质预期理论是近年学术界在对理性预期理论进行深入研究之后的新成果,有助于我们更好地理解微观主体预期与货币政策执行效果之间的关系,也能够更好地诠释货币当局与微观主体之间信息沟通的内涵。本文在梳理了异质预期理论以及公众学习理论的基础上设计了一个存在溢出效应的公众学习模型,用以分析微观主体异质预期的相互影响,并以此模型的结论为框架对中国货币政策实施效果进行分析。     

城乡收入差距、人均收入及失业率对犯罪率的影响——基于2003～2007年我国省级数据的面板分析

本文通过固定效应模型分析了收入差距、失业率、城乡绝对收入水平对刑事犯罪率的影响,并且对执法警力支出可能产生的内生性影响进行稳健性讨论.分析得出收入差距与犯罪率存在显著的正相关,而失业率对犯罪率的影响并不显著,且城乡绝对收入水平对犯罪率产生反向的影响.在减少收入分配不公的同时加强新农村建设,缩小城乡收入差距,完善社会福利制度和加强法制建设,有利于降低犯罪率,促进和谐社会发展.     

浅析收入差距产生的不确定性及其对农民消费行为的影响

从农村居民收入差距扩大的角度对农村居民收入的不确定预期进行分析,通过基尼系数对农民消费倾向的影响模型分析,得出收入差距扩大是产生收入不确定性感受增强的一个原因,并且在市场经济体制改革后收入差距的增大对农村居民消费需求产生了负影响。提出相应建议以缩小收入差距,降低农村居民收入的不确定性,扩大农村消费。     

The Uncertainty of Academic Rent and Income Inequality: The OECD Panel Evidence

The article presents an alternative view on the education—income inequality relationship, which calls into question the neoclassical claim that education increases labor productivity and hence contributes to a higher output, wage and consequently more even income distribution. In the context of public policies, education needs to be seen not only as a factor of income mobility, but also as a “positional good,” which benefits graduates at the expense of non-graduates. Education generates “academic rent,” by which we mean uneven remuneration of workers based on academic signs of distinctions that do not necessarily reflect differences in productivity. Using the robust panel model on a sample of OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries from 1980 to 2015, we show that investments in human capital lead to lower inequality, but overinvestments tends to increase income inequality, which may be related to academic rent. In discussing this result, we consider that uncertainty of academic rent under the condition of a rapid transformation of the workplace caused by the fourth industrial revolution.     

城乡收入差距对消费需求影响研究

在目前外部经济受到较大冲击的情况下,刺激国内消费需求已成为中国面临的重要政策举措.作为影响消费需求的重要因素,城乡收入差距问题不能不成为我们研究的重点.本文总结了中国1978-2008年间社会消费与收入分配现状,从理论和实证两个方面探讨了城乡收入差距与消费需求之间的关系,根据相关结论,提出了增加农民收入、建立健全社会保障制度和加强收入调控等政策措施.     

Economic Versus Accounting Income: The Impact of Education on Students' Concepts

A study of differences in approach to value and income concepts by students with and without formal accounting education is presented by Kida and Hicks. They found that students without accounting training tend to regard income as a change in value and well-being; those with accounting tend to view the income concept from an accounting procedural approach. The question is raised whether accounting majors might not benefit from additional training in economic theory beyond a basic principles course to broaden their approach to “theoretical value-based concepts.”     

The Effect of Better Information on Income Inequality

We consider an OLG economy with endogenous investment in human capital. Heterogeneity in individual human capital levels is modelled by a distribution of innate ability across agents. This distribution is common knowledge but, at young age, no agent knows his/her ability. The production of human capital depends on each individual’s investment in education. This investment decision is taken only after observing a signal which is correlated to his/her true ability, and which is used for updating beliefs. Thus, a better information system affects the distribution of human capital in each generation. Assuming separable and identical preferences for all individuals, we derive the following results in equilibrium: (a) If the relative measure of risk aversion is less (more) than 1 then more information raises (reduces) income inequality. (b) When a risk sharing market is available better information results in higher inequality regardless of the measure risk aversion. We are grateful to Alex Cukierman, Zvi Eckstein, Yona Rubinstein and Daniel Tsiddon. An anonymous referee made extremely useful comments and suggestions. Financial support from the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF) is gratefully acknowledged.     

The Impact of Liberalisation and Globalisation on Within-country Income Inequality

The paper reviews changes in within-country income inequalityover the last forty years, with particular attention to theyears of 1980–2000, against the background of the inequalityshifts intervened during the globalisation of 1870–1914.Withincountry inequality appears to have risen to differentextents in two thirds of the 73 countries analysed, overturningin several cases prior trends towards lower inequality. Forthe majority of the countries analysed, the paper rejects thehypotheses that such rise is due to a worsening of the traditionalcauses of inequality, such as high land concentration and inequalityin education, or to technological changes. Most of the recentsurge in income polarisation would appear to be related to thepolicy drive towards domestic deregulation and external liberalisation,though the specific impact of each policy instrument appearto vary considerably. (JEL D31, F02)     

收入不平等对经济增长影响的实证研究

采用联立方程分析方法,实证分析了收入不平等对经济增长影响的三种机制,探讨了收入不平等如何通过影响物质资本投资、人力资本投资和居民消费来作用于经济增长。结果表明,从长期看收入不平等的扩大会刺激物质资本投资,但不利于人力资本投资和居民消费增长,收入不平等对经济增长的长期影响为负。因此,从经济发展的角度政府不应容忍收入不平等的过分扩大。     

收入增长和收入分配对城市减贫的影响

本文基于对贫困的分解,运用贫困弹性的动态特征,选取《中国统计年鉴》相关年份城市住户分组数据,深入分析收入增长和收入分配因素对中国1991-2009年间城市绝对贫困和相对贫困的影响。结果表明:(1)高速的经济增长对我国城市绝对贫困率下降起决定性作用,但收入分配恶化对城市相对贫困率上升有显著影响。(2)收入水平越高,则收入因素对城市减贫的促进作用越强,且分配因素所引起的贫困变动越大;收入分配越不平等,则收入因素对城市减贫的促进作用越弱,且分配因素所引起的贫困变动越小。因此,我国今后的城市减贫,应在继续保持经济较快增长的同时,以改善收入分配不平等为重点。     

The Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Level of Investment

Conventional wisdom has it that increasing price or exchange rate uncertainty will depress investment. Using the Dixit–Pindyck model, we find that there are situations where this will happen; and situations where it does not. There are threshold effects which allows us to identify when rising volatility would increase or decrease investment; and also to identify which types of industries would gain, and which would suffer, from a move to fixed exchange rates. This is important for monetary union in Europe since it is likely that, even if trade is insensitive to exchange rate volatility, investment with its longer horizon will be affected.     

经济收入和健康状况对退休期望的影响——一个交互效应模型

退休问题涉及广大劳动者的权益,为政府所关心,近年来关于退休年龄的研究随着我国老龄化问题的逐渐显现而越来越受重视。本研究从个体劳动者的微观角度探讨经济收入和健康状况对退休期望的影响,并收集了4971份有效问卷进行实证研究。结果表明,经济收入与退休期望有正相关关系,劳动者的健康状况也正向影响退休期望。并且,经济收入对退休期望的影响还受劳动者的健康状况所调节,良好的健康状况放大了经济收入对退休期望的正向影响,从而表现出健康状况正向调节经济收入与退休期望的关系。本研究结果对我国公共管理部门和企业界有重要指导意义。     

不确定性与宏观经济波动——基于企业预防性定价和居民失业风险视角

新冠肺炎疫情暴发使宏观经济不确定性达到历史新高,不确定性对宏观经济的影响不断加大,保就业、保市场主体和保物价稳定成为当前经济工作的重点。文章通过构建TVP-SVVAR和DSGE模型,从企业预防性定价和居民失业风险两个角度出发,分析了不确定性影响宏观经济的机制。研究表明：第一,不确定性冲击会导致经济在短期内进入滞胀状态,而长期陷入通缩。其中,短期通胀上升主要是因为企业预防性定价在不确定性对宏观经济的影响中起主导作用,而长期通缩则是因为失业风险所导致的居民有效需求下降。第二,模型模拟显示,在遭遇不确定性冲击后,存在失业风险的居民消费复苏得慢,没有失业风险的居民消费复苏得快。第三,总量上,宽松的货币政策能够有效减缓不确定性对经济的负面影响,但同时存在明显的边际递减效应;结构上,搭配不同的财政政策能够有效缓解异质性居民之间的福利损失。     

The Impact of Inflation Uncertainty on Interest Rates in the UK

This paper assesses the effect of expected inflation and inflation risk on interest rates within the Fisher hypothesis framework. Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic models are used to estimate the conditional variability of inflation as a proxy for risk. With the UK quarterly data from 1958:4 to 1994:4, we found that both the expected inflation and the conditional variability of inflation positively affect the UK three‐month Treasury‐bill rate.     

信贷膨胀下民间投资回暖的不确定性分析

统计数据表明,我国民间投资呈现回暖迹象,但基础并不牢固,因为它主要不是靠市场最终需求改善的结果,而是由政策性溢出效应。文章通过分析发现:民间投资的这种政策性回暖不等于真实的回暖,更不是全面回暖,至少存在五个方面的不确定性:一是民间投资回升的不均匀性,二是外需持续疲软,三是财政刺激的挤出效应,四是资产泡沫的虹吸效应,五是基建投资的负面效应。民间投资真正复苏需要宏观层面产业政策、财政政策和金融政策的共同扶持,而体制层面的制度调整是根本性的。