The Export Trading Company Act of 1982:

This study of 110 Export Management Companies (EMCs) investigates their perceptions of the potential impact of the Export Trading Company Act (ETCA) of 1982 on their future growth possibilities. Specifically it examines what product types might best be handled by an American Export Trading Company (AETC), and what types of trading activities an AETC would be expected to engage in. In addition, respondents were asked about specific features of the ETCA that they liked or disliked. The results of this study indicate perhaps as many as 20% of current EMCs may enter into some type of Export Trading Company arrangement, and some of the AETCs are likely to evolve into something similar to a Japanese sogo shosha. However, the development of these "American sogo shoshas" will be much slower than many supporters of the AETC of 1982 appear to have hoped for.     

中西方商法发展历史的比较研究

中西方商法截然不同的产生路径导致了二者的演进历程大不相同。其原因是中西方的社会经济基础不同、思想文化不同以及法律政策不同。通过对中西方商法的起源和演进路径进行分析和比较,对中国商法发展的借鉴意义是:应改变传统思想中对"商"的错误认识;大力发展商品经济;制定扶持商业发展的法律政策。     

企业营销组织模式的比较研究

营销组织设计的优劣,不仅关系到企业的营销效率、管理成本,而且直接影响到企业的经济效益和进一步发展。通过对国内企业普遍采用的几种营销组织模式的分析比较,为企业根据自己的条件选择有效的组织模式提供了依据;同时还提出了现代企业在新经济环境下营销组织发展的趋势。     

浅论民间非营利组织财务管理和会计核算工作

近年来,民间非营利组织发展迅速,现已涉及到社会生活的各个领域。但是,民间非营利组织的财务管理和会计核算跟不上时代发展的步伐,影响了其信誉和公信力,因而制约了其进一步发展的空间。本文分析了民间非营利组织在财务管理及会计核算中存在的种种问题,提出了加强非营利组织财务管理和会计核算的若干措施。     

The Dynamics of Guanxi and Ethics for Chinese Executives

This study empirically examines how Chinese executives perceive the role of guanxi and ethics played in their business operations. By factor-analyzing 850 valid replies collected from a comprehensive survey, the present study identifies three distinct ethics-related attitudes and two distinct guanxi-related attitudes for Chinese executives. The cluster analysis of the composite scores of these five attitudinal factors further indicates the existence of three distinct groups of Chinese executives that vary in their ethics and guanxi orientations. The three groups are unethical profit seeker (UPS), anti-governance, guanxi-cultivator (AGGC), and apathetic executive (AE). The three groups are also found to be significantly different in such demographic characteristics as age and the ownership structure of the serving organization. Specifically, the inter-group comparison suggests that younger Chinese executives, and those working for privately-owned firms and joint ventures are more inclined to engage in unethical activities for profits. These findings provide useful insights for international investors to formulate their human resource and negotiation strategies in China.     

异质性资源投入与复杂企业竞合成功关系研究——基于联盟管理能力的中介效应

文章结合资源基础观和企业能力理论,以复杂企业联盟管理能力作为中介变量,通过实证研究,揭示异质性资源投入对竞合成功关系的影响路径和作用机制。研究结果表明：联盟管理能力在异质性资源投入和竞合成功之间发挥部分中介效应;联盟管理能力的3个子维度中协调能力和凝聚能力在异质性资源投入和竞合成功的正向关系中发挥部分中介作用;联盟管理能力的中介效应还存在于异质性资源投入与竞合成功的3个维度（满意度、目标达成和适应性）之间,即联盟管理能力对异质性资源投入与合作满意度、合作绩效的正影响起部分中介作用,对异质性资源投入与适应性的正影响则起完全中介作用。     

Individual and Organizational Antecedents of Misconduct in Organizations

A heterogeneous survey sample of for-profit, non-profit and government employees revealed that organizational factors but not personal characteristics were significant antecedents of misconduct and job satisfaction. Formal organizational compliance practices and ethical climate were independent predictors of misconduct, and compliance practices also moderated the relationship between ethical climate and misconduct, as well as between pressure to compromise ethical standards and misconduct. Misconduct was not predicted by level of moral reasoning, age, sex, ethnicity, job status, or size and type of organization. Demographic variables predicted job satisfaction and organizational variables added significant incremental variance. Results suggest the importance of promoting a moral organization through the words and actions of senior managers and supervisors, independent of formal mechanisms such as codes of conduct.

农业合作组织中的人力资源问题研究

我国的农业合作组织进入了发展的初期阶段,在影响其发展多种因素中人力资源有着重要的作用。由于人力资源的缺乏,我国农业合作组织管理出现了合作异化的现象,如果进一步的分析农业合作组织人力资源的现状和其原因,就可以对农业合作组织长期和短期的人力资源发展情况提出一些建议。     

我国农民合作经济组织生成机理探析

发展农民合作经济组织是解决我国三农问题的一条有效途径,对农民合作经济组织生成机理的深入分析和准确把握是推进我国农民合作经济组织进一步发展的关键。从我国整个农村社会系统出发,对我国农民合作经济组织生成的基本动因以及农民组建合作经济组织的潜在收益和合作成本进行深入剖析,力图把握我国农民合作经济组织生成的内部机理。     

Malaysian Multinational Firms and the Management of their Subsidiaries

There are limited studies on multinational enterprises from lesser developed and smaller Asian countries and even less attention given to the area of subsidiary management in Asian firms. This article contributes to this knowledge gap with empirical evidence from a study of nine case studies of firms from Malaysia, a rapidly developing country. Differences as well as commonalities in the management of their subsidiaries were found among sample firms. These findings are discussed in relation to the literature on management of subsidiaries in other Asian and developed countries’ firms. Implications for research and limitations of the study are covered.     

Normal Injustices and Morality in Complex Organizations

This paper applies theory and research examining errors in complex organizational systems to the problem of individual and collective morality in organizations. It is proposed that because of the nature of complex organizations, unjust outcomes can (and will) result from organizational actions even when all organization members have acted responsibly. The argument that complex organizations are therefore immoral is considered and rejected. Instead, the paper argues that morality in complex organizations begins with "heedful interrelating" among individual organization members. The paper concludes with a discussion of organizational processes and structures that promote heedful interrelating.     

Worker Autonomy and the Drama of Digital Networks in Organizations

This essay considers the impact of digital networks in organizations on worker autonomy. Worker autonomy, the control that workers have over their own work situation, is claimed in this essay to be a key determinant for the quality of work, as well as an important moral goal. Digital networks pose significant threats to worker autonomy as well as opportunities for its enhancement. In this essay, the notion of worker autonomy is analyzed and evaluated for its importance and moral relevance. It is then considered how digital networks both threaten worker autonomy and offer opportunities for its enhancement. Three major opportunities (enhanced communicative powers, increased informedness, teleworking) and threats (electronic monitoring, task prestructuring, and dependency creation) are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the dynamics that determine the impact on worker autonomy of the introduction of a digital network in organizations are investigated. A particular model for analyzing these dynamics and their impacts, Bryan Pfaffenberger's model of a technological drama. It will be illustrated how this model illuminates these dynamics by analyzing them as a dialectic of strategies of technological regularization by design constituencies and technological adjustment by impact constituencies. It will also be assessed what role network design has in this process.     

The Categories,Rules, and Demonstrations of Guanxi in Chinese Society

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Guanxi is one of the most important success factors in China. Because of differences in Eastern and Western relationships, it is essential to investigate the system of guanxi in China. Based on the differential mode of association (chaxugeju), the present study aims to construct a framework for the mechanism of guanxi in Chinese society.

Methodology/approach: A questionnaire survey of middle and senior managers was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. A sample consisting of 212 middle or senior managers who worked in China and had direct interactions with business partners was used. The participants were mainly from firms in the pharmaceutical technology, telecommunication, and retailing industries.

Findings: Guanxi categories, guanxi rules, and guanxi demonstrations were found to be correspondingly related. Business partners who had family guanxi applied the rule of need and presented intimacy interactions, whereas partners who had acquaintance guanxi often followed the rule of favor and demonstrated higher levels of reciprocity. These two corresponding paths positively influenced the strength of guanxi: The partners were more willing to sacrifice self-interest for and provide high priority in resource allocation to each other. Business partners who had stranger guanxi used the rule of equity and built trust relationships, which had negative impacts on the strength of guanxi.

Practical implications: Because guanxi affects the performance of companies in China, maintaining guanxi networks with business partners is an important but challenging task for managers, especially for those from non-eastern cultures. The current study suggests that it is essential for managers to identify different types of guanxi (family, acquaintance, or stranger) by differential intimacy and distance, and to apply different rules when interacting with partners with different guanxi. To be specific, managers should follow the rule of need with business partners who have family guanxi, and their guanxi should be demonstrated as intimacy interaction. When doing business with acquaintances and friends, managers should mainly follow the rule of favor, and their guanxi should be demonstrated as reciprocity interaction. When doing business with strangers, managers should follow the rule of equity and emphasize trust. This correspondence also has an influence on how managers make decisions according to the strength of guanxi with different partners based on the guanxi type. In short, guanxi affects the degree of willingness to sacrifice self-interest for, and to prioritize resource allocations to, business partners.     

Celebrity Endorsement and Involvement With the Social Cause in Nonprofit Organizations

Celebrity endorsement has become a very popular communication strategy in the nonprofit sector, although there are still doubts about its effectiveness. Specifically, one interesting question is whether the involvement of individuals with a social cause can explain differences in the valuation and effects of the celebrity endorsement strategy in consumer behavior. Taking into account this fact, the current research presents a causal model that analyzes the determinants of the attitude toward ads involving celebrities and the explanatory variables of the behavioral intentions in this sector. We worked with two subsamples of individuals with high and low involvement, who rated a fictitious ad with a well-known social entity and a celebrity. As a result, we observed that the strategy can influence the group of low involved people and have no significant effects on the segment with high involvement.     

营销渠道中的人际关系与跨组织合作关系:概念与模型

关于营销渠道中的跨组织管理行为和中国的关系,各自已有相当数量的学术论文发表。也有人将二者结合起来,探讨人际关系对中国企业进行渠道跨组织合作与管理的影响。然而,由于关系这一概念有丰富的内涵,大家的认识不统一,所以造成了相关的研究存在概念不清、测量工具混乱、讨论难以深入的问题。为了弥补这一缺陷,文章首先讨论了关系这一概念的基本内涵,然后将营销渠道中企业间的人际关系与跨组织合作关系相结合,提出一个理论模型,作为今后在理论上对相关问题进行进一步探讨的基础。     

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through the Application of Open Systems Theory and the Development of Strategic Alliances: A Guide for Managers of Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT

To effectively compete in today's competitive business environment, nonprofit organizations need to operate as open systems developing strategic alliances with key actors. To help managers of nonprofit organizations develop such relationships, open systems theory is explained, the phrase “strategic alliances” is defined, and a system of alliances is presented as a tool for identifying and analyzing potential relationships.     

中外农村合作金融组织比较研究

建国以来,我国农村金融组织经历了曲折复杂的发展过程,目前仍在深化改革之中。与发达国家、特别是与德国相比,我国农村金融组织无论是在发展模式、组织体系、监管框架、兼业状况、制度建设以及政府扶持政策等方面,都应该全面加以调整。尤其要强化合作金融的法制化和规范化建设;要通过强化制度建设保证对农村金融组织的政策扶持;金融组织自身要立足三农、明晰产权关系、完善治理结构,因地制宜、发展多样性的合作金融模式,构建自下而上、自成体系的合作金融组织体系;要完善监管体系和建立行业自律协会组织,从而促进农村经济的发展。     

我国农民专业合作经济组织研究综述

当前,农民专业合作经济组织问题是农业经济研究的热点之一。从农民专业合作经济组织研究产生的背景、目前发展过程中存在的问题及其发展途径等方面,对现有的文献作认真梳理,可为进一步探讨农民专业合作经济组织提供参考和思路。     

Citizen Preferences for the Corporate Sponsorship of Public-Sector Park and Recreation Organizations

ABSTRACT

Corporate sponsorship of public-sector organizations is becoming more commonplace. However, few studies have examined citizen attitudes toward sponsorship of public-sector organizations. Using parks and recreation as the study context, this research assessed general citizen support for corporate sponsorship as well as preferences for specific sponsorship promotional activities and contractual conditions. Given that previous research has linked sponsorship attitudes to individual and contextual factors, relationships between socio-demographic, park use characteristics, and sponsorship support were also examined. A mail survey of 578 citizens in the Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, Pennsylvania MSA indicated that a majority supported corporate sponsorship of park and recreation agencies. Sponsorships by local businesses and sponsorships that provided free products received the most favorable evaluations. Sponsorships involving naming rights, exclusivity, and user fees were evaluated least favorably. However, older adults, minority citizens, and park users were less likely to favor a number of specific sponsorship activities and conditions. Implications for sponsorship program design and future citizen-based research are discussed.     

非营利组织构建企业化管理模式的分析

社会发展的多元化趋势使非营利组织的发展成为必然,在发展过程中非营利组织暴露出了效率不高等一些问题。所以在非营利组织中要尝试建立企业化管理模式,采取构筑企业化管理模式的举措,这样才能促进我国非营利组织的发展。