Environmental hazard and ecological infrastructure construction of hilly city： a case of metropolitan area of Chongqing Municipality

This paper takes metropolitan area of Chongqing Municipality as an example, Chongqing, located at the tail area of the Three Gorges Reservoir; is a typically in-land hilly city in China. A series of serious eco-environmental hazard affecting hilly city, have appeared： the forest landscape has been fragmented; the stability of ecological system has nat been maintained： soil erosion has been serionus; geological disasters have become more and more frequented; the phenomenon of city ＂heat islands＂ is obvious： and environmental pollution is worsened with Iow physical self-puri- fication. All of the hazards above will affect ecological security of the tail area of the Three Gorges Reservoir and sustainable development of Changqing. In order to guarantee ecological security and health of Chongqing and the Three Gorges Reservoir, the eountermeasures for ecological infrastructure construction are put forward： quickly drawing up ecological infrastructure planning of Chongqing Municipality, strengthening the integration and continuation of hilly-water spatial pattern, maintaining the diversity and stability of local ecosystem, establishing the green space system in-cluding suburban.forest, farmland and green space. recovering wetland ecosystem, optimizing industrial structure and urban spatial distribution, developing recycling economy; establishing ecological infrastructure monitoring network and information forecast system, carrying out ecological management for Chongqing Municipality and so on.     

绵阳市流动人口迁移规律

Based on the overall anatysis of the floating population among big and medium-sized cities in China, this paper, by means of statistics and questionnaires, makes a systematical study on the migratory features of the floating population in Mianyang, its employment structure, migrating causes and channels, According to the findings, the author finds a fact that with the strategy of Western Development, and with the construction of science and technology city of Mianyang, the migrating in Mianyang conforms to the general patterns of themigration, which has happened in those big and medium-sized cities in China. In addition, the city has a new but unique feature - economic factor, as the driving force of popufation migration, is quite distinct from that of those cities in eastern areas of China.     

Ecological economic benefit in sustainable development

From the concept of ecological economic benefit, I put forward the general formula for the benefit of ecological economy and the appraisal methods of the ecological economy. Theory on ecological benefit and economic benefit is the base of the benefits of ecological economy To some extent the development of ecological economy, theory and practice on eco-agriculture are both the production made from opposition and unify of ecological benefit and economic benefit. This paper discusses the ＂T＂ type saucture, which will give the theoretical bases for enhancing the ecological and economical benefits.     

Study on the planning principles of urban forest

The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urban forest： the priority of the ecological function, the adaptation to local condilions, the optimization in the whole system, the mutual dependence of forest and city, the culturecontinuance and recreation satisfaction, sustainable development and operability, etc. This paper takes Changsha as an example to elaborate the planning principles of the urban forest. Firstly, Changsba urban forest ecosphere is composed of the eco-garden, the round-the-city forest belt, the ecological isolation belt, the green channel, the landscape of the rivers and streams, the forest park, the biodiversity reserve and the eco-forest in suburb area. It aims to make every kind of ecological essential factors organically merge into the complex city ecosystem to build an eco-city, to strengthen the connection of wide-open space with various habitats spots, to promote resident＇s accessibility, to perfect landscape ecology, and to make full use of the ecological function of urban forest. When we construct the urban forest, we must optimize the comprehensive benefit and make the urban forest structure and the layout in the best condition in order to buiM the harmonious green city for both man and nature to realize the whole optimization of the city system by the complex functions of the urban forest in ecology, environmental protection, landscape, recreation, etc.     

Application of ecological footprint in ecological industrial systems：a study case of maize-MSG production systems

To improve the comparability of the research results of ecological industry, the ecological footprint is appliedto analyze the resource utilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems, taking maize-MSG as a case.Results show that the production process from maize to MSG is a extended process of ecological footprint, and that theecological footprint of the maize production is the biggest; the extension of ecological footprint is followed by the increaseof footprint profit, which means that the extension of production chain is an important method to improve the resourcesprofit; the systems have a big proportion of the indirect energy ecological footprint; the air and water pollution in MSGsubsystem is the most serious. At last, it can be identified that ecological footprint is a good method to measure resourceutilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems of an integrated ecological industry.     

The core ideology of Ecological Marxism：Marx is the pioneer of internal factors theory of ecological environment

This paper from the unified visual angle of philosophy and economics has observed Marx＇s theory of ecological economics, clarified the misunderstanding on Marx＇s theory of nature and ecological environmental thought at home and abroad for a long time, studied systematically and deeply the Marx＇s thought that natural and ecological environment is external condition and internal elements of human social economic growth, confirmed firstly Marx is the forerunner who established the theory of internal cause of natural ecological environment. It is of far-reaching academic and practical significance.     

绿色通道及其在生态城市中的作用

Greenways can be considered as linear open spaces along natural or artificial linear features such as rivers. shorelines, ridgelines, railroads, canals or roads. They are planned, designed, and managed to connect and protect ecological, scenic, recreational, historic, and cultural resources, The archetype of greenways could go back to the landscape axes and boulevards of Europe in the 18^th century and later tire parkways of USA in the late 19^th century . As a means of urban ecological planning, greenway planning is getting more and more important to sustainable development in urban areas and has become a worldwide activity or a movement. This paper reviews the evolution of greenways and identifies it into three distinct stages or “generations ”. introduces a general methodology of greenway planning, and expounds the functions of greenways to ecotitles. At the end. this paper emphasizes that it is significant to enhance the research and implementation of greenway planning in our country in the case that urbanization will be developing qulckly in the next decades.     

Key issues in the strategic environmental assessment of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

The middle reaches of the Yangtze River were the key areas of central China emphasized in many strategic plans.It was also an important ecological and fragile area,because there are many wetlands,lakes,rivers and soil erosion area.And it linked the ecological fragile upper reaches of the Yangtze River with the most developed Yangtze River Delta in China.It is urgent to figure out the key industries,key areas and key ecological and environmental problems for the strategic environmental assessment of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.The important regions consisted of the economic key region,the planning key region,the ecological key region,and the fragile ecological region.The key industries consisted of the ones contributed to economic growth,or affecting the environment,or preferred by the local government.Besides,the ecological and environmental problems involved the water environment,the atmosphere environment,and the ecological environment.The key regions were identified through word frequency statistics of many plans by ROST Word Parser.And it was spatially overlaid by ArcGIS9.2.The key industries were calculated based on the economic statistics data,the environmental pollution census and the word frequency statistics.Based on SCI-EXPANDED,CPCI-S,CCR-EXPANDED,IC database and Chinese CNKI periodical database,the ecological and environmental problems of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed by Citespace software according to the keywords and abstract of every paper.The results show that the important regions of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River concentrated in the central urban region,along the river and lake,surrounding mountains,and the wetland.The equipment manufacturing,chemical industry,mining industry,energy supply industry,food industry,textile and garment industry were the key industries need to be focused on.The urgent ecological and environmental problems in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were the water environment pollution,water ecosystem,heavy metal pollution,s     

From Less or No Waste Manufacturing and Cleaner Production to Recycle Economy —— A Review on the Theoretical Research and Practice of Ecological Enterprises in China

Based on systematical research on the conception evolution of ecological enterprise, theoretical and practical development of constructing ecological enterprise, the paper makes conclusion that ecological enterprises are developing into a new stage in which governments are launching some pilot projects about constructing ecological enterprises. And after that, governments should make policies to spread construction of ecological enterprises, to construct ecological enterprises in legal system and conforming to the standard as soon as possibly. 5o that, the basic units of ecological economy that fit to the conditions of China will be set up.     

Measuring economic loss caused by ecological damages： a case study of China＇s forest ecosystem in 2005

At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.     

中国古代生态思想对当代生态化发展的启示

生态文明是继原始文明、农业文明、工业文明之后的一种崭新的文明形态。建设生态文明最根本的是坚持生态化的发展方向。中国古代生态思想中蕴涵着许多深刻的生态文明的理念和生态化发展的思维。分析其中精华:有"天地人一体"的生态化思维,包括生态价值论、生态和谐论、生态系统论等;有"天地人中和合"的生态化目标,包括人内在的生态化、人外在与周边生存环境一体的生态化;有"与天地参"的生态化行为,包括以人为本"明于天人之分"、"以辅万物之自然而不敢为"、"知和知常知变"的和谐推进方式、"知止知足知生"的创新发展模式等。探讨古代生态化的思维、目标、行为等,取其精华发扬光大,对于丰富生态文明内涵、促进当代生态化发展,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

北京市生态文明建设评价研究

生态文明建设是北京市社会经济发展的重要战略方向。通过专家咨询法,结合区域现状,建立了适用于北京市的生态文明建设水平评价指标体系,指标体系包含生态环境、生态经济、生态行为、生态安全、生态文化和生态社会六个方面。对北京市的生态文明建设水平进行了评价,并分析了其时间动态趋势。结果表明,北京市生态文明建设水平在2004年到2008年间呈稳步上升的趋势,其中生态环境、生态经济和生态安全的水平提高显著,而生态行为、生态文化和生态社会水平出现不同程度的起伏。北京市2007年以前处于生态文明建设的准备阶段,到2008年已经接近生态文明建设的中级阶段。此外,分析了北京市生态文明建设水平变化的影响因素,并提出了推进北京市生态文明建设的途径。     

论我国生态法律制度的创新与完善

生态法治建设不仅需要生态法理论的创新,更需要具体生态法律制度的健全和完善,这主要包括在法律上明确生态财产的所有权归属,依靠法治化的经济手段促进生态建设,完善生态建设的规划设计制度,科学设定和考核政府的生态义务,建立生态公益诉讼制度,健全生态法律责任制度。     

基于民族生态文化视角的云南生态文明建设研究

云南是边疆多民族聚居地区,各民族在顺应、改造和利用自然的过程中,创造了种类繁多、形式各异的生态文化,积累了丰富的生态智慧,对云南生态环境治理和生态文明建设有着重要启发意义。然而,在少数民族地区的现代化进程中,民族生态文化面临着文化变迁等困境,影响着生态文明建设的进程。通过文献分析、理论研究与实证分析的结合,对生态文化、民族生态文化、生态文明三者之间的内涵和辩证关系进行了梳理,指出云南生态文明建设的现实背景。进而以元阳县、普者黑等少数民族地区为例,阐述了民族生态文化助力云南生态文明建设的现状和存在的问题,提出培育生态文化,加强生态文化教育等措施,以期为云南生态文明建设提供参考。     

支撑力和压力脱钩视角下中国生态承载力评价

提高生态承载力是生态文明建设的重要抓手之一,准确评价生态承载力是前提。文章基于大气、水和土壤三个生态环境层面的自净能力和污染水平视角,采用生态支撑力和压力脱钩模型,测度和评价了中国生态承载力状况。首先基于生态支撑力和压力脱钩类型构建了生态承载力评价框架,将生态承载力类型分为上升和下降两大类,每一大类有包含三个小类型。其次,采用脱钩模型对各地区总体和大气、水、土壤三个分类的生态承载力进行了测度,结果表明,整体生态承载力和分类生态承载力都呈现水平偏低,区域间和区域内差异明显和波动大的特征;西部地区的云南和新疆生态环境质量最好,而北京、湖南和四川生态环境质量相对较差。最后,文章从优化顶层设计、制定差异性生态环境保护和污染治理政策方面提出了提高生态承载力的政策参考。     

基于生态足迹的南京市生态安全评估

采用生态足迹、生态压力指数和生态可持续指数评估体系,对南京市生态安全进行了评价。研究表明,南京市1996年、2005年、2006年、2007年均出现生态赤字,生态安全受到胁迫;生态压力指数分别为6.32、13.45、13.95、13.92;生态可持续指数处于＂强不可持续＂。生态安全一直处于极不安全状态,其发展模式处于不可持续状态。造成生态安全危机的主要因素是资源过度消耗、人口数量大和城市扩张导致耕地减少等。     

国际旅游岛建设旅游用地生态效应调控机制研究

中国经济的迅速崛起,产业结构的高端化形势,海南岛所处的改革前沿、政治战略地位和地缘优势催生了国际旅游岛国家战略,旅游业快速发展超过人们的预期。海南沿海及周边岛屿是国际旅游岛建设的核心地区,环境相对封闭,生态系统较为脆弱。不尽合理的旅游用地规划、低效的旅游地生态效应调控技术手段和缺位的生态监管机制旅游地生态系统管理政策措施,已造成海南旅游用地的环境污染和生态破坏。文章认为必须建立海南国际旅游岛旅游产业用地的生态效应评估和生态监管机制。(1)加强国际旅游岛建设生态效应的研究,预测国际旅游岛建设生态效应发展趋势。(2)设立旅游用地生态准入制度,建立旅游用地生态效应评估机制。(3)设计生态系统管理优化范式,制订旅游产业生态效应调控政策。(4)制订旅游用地生态安全评价指标体系,建立生态安全预警模型。以有效调控旅游用地生态效应,为旅游用地生态监管、旅游产业结构调整奠定科学基础与决策依据,改善海南省生态环境质量,提高生态安全等级,提升海南国际旅游岛建设综合效益。     

银川市生态经济可持续发展研究

生态足迹模型是评价区域可持续发展水平和能力的科学方法之一,为制定区域可持续发展政策提供了重要科技支撑。文章基于改进生态足迹方法,在生态经济系统框架下构建生态足迹变化驱动力指标体系,运用地理探测器分析了银川市2009—2017年生态经济发展状况。结果显示:银川市人均生态足迹总体呈增长趋势,人均生态承载力持续下降,生态赤字较高,生态压力较大;生态足迹分布趋向失衡,生态经济系统稳定性降低,但区域可持续发展能力指数稳步增长;经济系统对银川市生态足迹变化起主导作用,总体表现为"经济子系统>生态子系统>技术子系统"。应从生态、经济、技术三方面采取措施提升银川市生态经济系统可持续发展能力。     

滇池草海流域生态足迹与生态承栽力分析

用生态足迹与生态承载力方法计算结果表明,2 0 0 4年草海流域人均总生态足迹为2.7 2 8 hm^2/人,生态承载力为0.0 5 8 hm^2/人,生态赤字高达2.6 7 0 hm^2/人。从动态变化来看,2 0 0 0～2 0 0 4年草海流域人均总生态足迹呈逐渐上升的趋势,而人均生态承载力略微呈下降趋势,故生态赤字逐渐增加。从横向对比分析,与昆明市与云南省相比,草海流域的生态足迹较高,而生态承载力较低,因而生态赤字远远高于昆明市及云南省平均水平,人均万元GDP生态足迹也较高。同时,基于生态足迹和生态承载力计算结果,可对草海流域生态适度人口进行估算并对其合理性进行分析。     

基于生态服务-生态健康综合评估的 城市生态保护规划研究

人类对自然保护的认知和理念决定了生态保护的方法 与手段。20世纪60年代至今，人们对生态保护的认识经历了4 个阶段，其中以维持自然为核心的物种保护法和以生态服务为 核心的生态功能法是当前生态保护规划的2种主流方法。从城市 生态环境特征、生态问题和生态需求分析入手，提出了基于生 态服务-生态健康(ES-EH)综合评估的城市生态保护方法。以 哈尔滨空港新城为例，选取影响重大的6个生态因子，以加权叠 加法识别出生态保护区范围。研究结果表明：划定的10.36% 的保护区保留了53.49%的生态调节、89.04%的文化服务和 15.69%的生态支持功能，以及71.85%的重要生态结构和 61.91%的生态高恢复力地区。在城市扩张过程中如何科学保 护现存的生态资源意义重大，研究结果可为国土空间规划“双 评价”及城市生态保护提供依据和参考。