网络平台信息信义义务的法理阐释及价值展开

用户与网络平台之间的信息关系具有“依赖性”和“脆弱性”,平台应该对处于弱势地位的用户承担信息信义义务。用户信息利益优先的信义标准能够与平台商业模式兼容,在信义法理层面不存在障碍。网络平台承担信息信义义务可以弥补传统个人信息控制论在数字经济时代的个人控制“不能”或控制“过度”之缺陷,更有利于实现保护个人权益并促进信息利用的二元目标。我国现行个人信息保护制度本质上仍属于个人信息控制论的法律表达,对信息关系的调整较为僵化,对此可基于网络平台信息信义义务的规范进路予以优化,构建以增强用户-平台信任为目标的动态信息保护机制。     

注册会计师反洗钱职责定位及监管对策研究

我国注册会计师尚未被纳入反洗钱监管范畴,也未发生因参与洗钱行为而以洗钱罪判定的案例。从对刑法理论及国际趋势的推演,注册会计师提供验资服务与税务筹划服务时应具有反洗钱义务,而审计服务中,只有当客户的行为涉嫌洗钱上有犯罪时才具有反洗钱义务。在监管政策设计上,应做好与审计准则的衔接,并补充真实性稽核的相关要求。     

信义义务:英美金融消费者保护的一个独特制度

目前对英美金融消费者保护法律的介绍,着重于条文和概念,对于背后广泛运用衡平法下信义义务的精神实质很少关注.已有的法与金融理论研究虽然指出了英美法系较之于大陆法系更有利于保护投资者,从而较好地促进了金融发展.但对于为何促进了金融发展缺乏学理分析.为此,本文指出其法律基础和作用途径是信义义务,用不完全合同理论和科斯定理推论三,对金融消费者保护中运用信义义务的合理性作了经济学原理分析,并对英美金融服务者与金融消费者的信义关系及其信义义务适用情形、与普通法不同的处理方式进行了阐述.这对于我们在移植英美金融监管法律时,加强对形式后面的精神实质的理解和运用具有重要意义.     

金融经营者不当销售行为的法律规制——以信义义务为进路

一些金融经营者在金融商品交易过程中存在不当销售行为,给金融消费者带来财产损失。然而依据我国现行的有关法律规则,消费者通常难以获得有效的法律救济。在英美法国家,法院通过信义关系理论将金融经营者与金融消费者之间的关系认定为一种信义关系,并在此基础上对经营者设定信义义务的约束,相关原理和规则值得我国立法借鉴。我国立法宜应明确以适当性原则以及说明义务为主要内容的信义义务规则,确立违反信义义务的民事责任,从而为消费者提供可以援引的私法规则。     

基金托管人之义务属性辨析：信义义务抑或合同义务？北大核心

基于切入视角的不同,英美法系关于信义义务产生及性质的理论探讨可分为形式主义、功能主义与道德主义三种学说。无论从哪个角度来看,基金托管人都不应对投资者负有信义义务。从形式主义视角来看,基金托管人与投资者之间并非信义关系,因而不应负有信义义务。从功能主义视角来看,基金托管人几乎不存在机会主义的空间,缺乏适用信义义务的前提条件。从道德主义视角来看,基金托管人缺乏信任基础上的利他承诺,因而也不应承担信义义务。为了促进我国基金托管业务以至整个基金业健康发展,需要改变视基金托管人为投资者的受托人这一观念,重构基金托管人的义务和责任边界。建议删除《证券投资基金法》《私募投资基金监督管理办法》中有关基金托管人信义义务及受托人身份的相关规定;厘清基金托管人与投资者之间的关系,应当回归合同本源,以合同约定作为基金托管人履行义务的依据。     

我国注册会计师行业监管模式探讨

从注册会计师行业的发展历史看，注册会计师行业的监管经历了一个从无到有的发展过程。企业经营权与所有权的分离，使得公司管理者与其股东和债权人之间产生了信息不对称现象，股东和债权人要了解公司经营的详细情况，必须借助于会计数字和财务报告书。而注册会计师作为一个“理性人”，由于受到利益的驱使，也可能与管理告一起来欺骗股东和债权人，为了保持注册会计师作为“第三者”的服务质量，就产生了对注册会计师行业的监管。     

专项资产管理计划——基金公司的新产品

今年以来,基金管理公司在中国证券监督管理委员会（以下简称“证监会”）“放松管制、加强监管”的政策指引下,加快向现代财富管理机构转型。9月,证监会颁布了《基金管理公司特定客户资产管理业务试点办法》（以下简称（（专户办法》）及其配套规则;10月31日,证监会又正式颁布了《证券投资基金管理公司子公司管理暂行规定》。基金公司纷纷根据以上制度指引,申请设立子公司,发行类似信托的,投资于未通过证券交易所转让的股权、债权及其他财产权利的专项资产管理计划（以下简称“专项计划”）。我们预计2013年初专项资产计划将可以正式发行,并逐步为市场所认识和接受,成为基金公司发展的新引擎。。     

从客户身份识别向客户尽职调查的转型——兼评反洗钱“四大核心义务”的传承与发展

客户身份识别作为反洗钱“四大核心义务”之一,长期以来承担了基础职能。同期,客户尽职调查在反洗钱监管中的要求越来越高、范围越来越广,逐步替代客户身份识别,成为反洗钱新“四大核心义务”之一。学术界和实践界存在是客户身份识别包括客户尽职调查,还是客户尽职调查涵盖客户身份识别两种截然不同的观点。推进我国反洗钱管理从客户身份识别向客户尽职调查转型,对于金融机构全面理解客户尽职调查的内涵、强化“风险为本”的原则、进一步完善我国反洗钱监管体系具有积极意义。从国内法律法规、监管要求和业务实践等多个维度梳理并总结客户身份识别与客户尽职调查的历史沿革、体系建构,并从反洗钱管理的视角厘清二者的关系,提出有针对性的建议。     

选择审计客户的影响因素分析

2002年安然事件导致全球“五大”会计师事务所之一的安达信破产,可以看到对错误的客户进行审计能导致会计师事务所的破产,因此越来越多的会计师事务所将重点放在那些能够评估是否将一家公司作为审计客户的程序和信息上.本文从多个角度分析了影响注册会计师事务所选择客户的主要因素,为审计客户的选择提供参考建议     

国际动态

加拿大魁北克省允许特许会计师与 律师等联手成立公司加拿大特许会计师协会会刊《CA Magazine》2月号称,加拿大魁北克省政府颁布法令,允许特许会计师同律师、公证人、理财专家以及保险经纪人联手成立公司,以便使客户得到各类专家的全方位一站式服务。有意于成立这种新公司的人员必须代表合伙企业或公司投保至少100万美元的额外保险,为可能的专业过失造成的损失进行赔偿,这一数额是该州对所有执业特许会计师要求的强制保险最高数额。 (丛晓华编译) 新西兰政府开始审核财务报告框架3月22日,新西…     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.