Defects in China＇s Independent Director System： A Case Study of Leshan Power Company

A system has been set up in China which provides for independent directors of listed companies. Whether these independent directors could play an effective role has, however, always been a matter for dispute. The recent case of Leshan Power shows that under the legal framework and share structure which currently exists in China, there is very narrowscope for independent directors to carry out their function. After discussing the main obstacles to implementation of independent directorship of China‘s listed companies, the authorpoints out several measures that must be taken in order to enhance the effectiveness of boards of directors. Finally this paper concludes that without the necessary conditions forindependent directors to actually have a functioning role to play, invitation of independent directors by listed companies will be a matter of form only.     

Implementing the Independent Director System in China: Issues and Considerations

Independent Directors (IDs), also known as outside directors or non-executive directors, are those who are independent of the company's shareholders and who hold no post in a joint-stock company. Unlike internal directors who are under the control of dominant shareholders and a company's leading group, IDs are in a position to play a favorable role for the company to independently judge and determine its business. The introduction of the ID system in the corporate     

The Analysis and Improvement on the Lowest Price Method

The book of Modem Consulting Method and Practice is the appointed teaching material for registered consulting engineer qualification examination （investment） of China. Its Lowest Price method in evaluating mutually exclusive project has some problems, which contradict the delta IRR and NPV methods. We improve the method and recommend Good-Bad Boundary Price Method to solve problem of this type.     

Recognition of the Economic Security in the Form of Assurance Fund as a Protection to Landowners and the Economic

The increase of land fraud statistics in Malaysia＇s administration system shows that the legal security, at present, is not able to guarantee landowners in the long run. Furthermore, there are registered landowners who are not able to recover their losses due to the stripping of title done erroneously by the government. This occurs due to the Malaysia＇s administration system only practices two principles out of the three principles in the Torrens systems, which are the mirror principle and the curtain principle. The retention of these two principles for the last 40 years since the National Land Code came into effect on the 1st January, 1966, and this has revealed the failure of the government in guaranteeing the landowners in the form of the economic security. This can indirectly impact the real estate investment in Malaysia due to the complaints pertaining to the loss of trust in the Malaysia administration system. Based on the studies conducted, we can see that the recognition towards economic security in the form of assurance fund can impact the increase of real estate investment in Malaysia. This can bring benefits not only to land owners as a protection but also towards the increased securities legislation in the form of the Malaysia land administration system, which could attract in an increase in the interest of investors to invest in Malaysia. So, the interviews with the directors of the land office in Peninsular Malaysia, legal practitioners, and insurance companies have been conducted to support this study. The results of this study hopefully will assist our land administration system in creating a form of economic security in order to make our system more guarantees, efficient, and good governance in resolving matters related to land, especially to address the issue of fraud and forgery. Furthermore, it is expected to help the landowners and innocent buyer in seeking protection of economic loss is not due to their own mistakes and to increase the investment in Malaysia.     

The Reform of China＇s Rural Land System

This paper discusses the reform of China‘s rural land system in the past more than 20 years. It reviews the course of China‘s rural land system reform since 1978 and the enormous contribution that the household contract responsibility system made to China‘s agricultural and rural development. Then it summarizes the current situation and existing problems in China‘s rural land system. Finally, it offers some policy suggestions on how to perfect the rural land system.     

China＇s Pension Reform and Capital Market Development

The paper analyzes the interaction between the pension system and capital market development, especially the case of China. A funded pension system is most likely to boost the capital market, but in the absence of a supportive financial infrastructure and effective financial regulation, a funded system will not be successful. China‘s determination to establish a partially funded system is afirst step in the right direction, but without the separation of individual accounts from the social pooling and their replenishment, the working out of the implicit pension debt, and improvements in pension fund management and regulation, the pension system will not be sustainable. The key to capital market development in the process of the pension reform is to enact laws to protect the interests of pensioners, to contract out pension fund management to professional asset managers, and to accelerate the financial opening.     

Automatic Selection of Classification Algorithms for Non-Experts Using Meta-Features

With the arrival of big-data society, methods for classifying real-world problems have attracted much attention for researchers and developers in various fields. In recent years, much effort has been devoted for improving performances of classification algorithms by adding functions or modifying their weaknesses. However, since a large variety of classification algorithms has been available, it is difficult for non-experts to find classification algorithms that achieve good results on a given data set. Therefore, if there is a system which automatically selects the best classification algorithm for a given data set, non-experts would receive various benefits such as saving time and effort. This paper presents a system of predicting the best possible classification algorithm for a given data set with respect to the accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach focused on predicting the best one. The main target users of the proposed system are non-experts who do not have knowledge and experience in data mining. The proposed system utilizes useful meta-features selected from existing recta-features to increase the performance of the prediction. The feature selection is conducted by a wrapper approach with the genetic search algorithm. In the proposed system, K-nearest neighbor algorithm is used to learn the selectedmeta-features and build a classification model for predicting future data. Experiments using 58 real-world data sets show that the proposed system predicted the best classification algorithm with 60.34% accuracy from the top five in 30 classification algorithms.     

Research on relationship between authentic leadership and employees＇ work attitude

Research on relationship between authentic leadership and employees＇ work attitude is helpful for leaders to improve their leading ability and behaviors and influence workers＇ attitude and behaviors, establish sound relationship between leaders and workers, promote enterprise surviving and developing. To research the relationship, this article has used and formulated questionnaire and preliminary investigation in particular to prove scientific value of the methods by researching on relationship between authentic leadership and employees＇ work attitude.     

Charting a Course on the Islamic Finance Ocean： A Survey of Islamic Insurance Literatures

The number of Muslim literates in Islamic finance and conventional finance, particularly Islamic insurance, has grown tremendously, so has the number of academic and professional articles, books, and other monographs published in Islamic insurance profession. Despite Islamic insurance uniqueness based on Islamic values and philosophies, its emancipation aimed to compete or eradicate the conventional insurance at both academic and professional levels. Those monographs that were intended to replace their conventional insurance counterpart have triggered endless debates among stakeholders on their authenticity and quality of knowledge and as well challenged their authors＇ authorities. Therefore, with content analysis, this survey verified whether the Islamic insurance literatures were capable of producing well-seasoned professionals of lslamic insurance. The results showed that the disputes over the available literatures might have contributed to the failure of having a standard curriculum for teaching Islamic insurance as a profession in academic at national and international levels. Review of the literatures and curriculum was recommended.     

Study on post evaluation index system of centralized heating system of national debt

At present, post evaluation about the national debt project has not run normally and canonically, though a few projects have post evaluation. It leads to many problems. To do post evaluation, it＇s important to establish the index system of evaluation. This paper takes Centralized Heating System as an example to explain the process of establishment, and gives the methods of how to deal with the indexes so as to make the evaluation run successfully.     

Choosing an Appropriate Exchange Rate System for Developing Countries

The developing countries emerging market crisis during the second half of 1990s has had a major impact on changing the views of academicians, policy designers and developing countries＇ authorities with respect to exchange rate policies, particularly after the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Although the Asian Financial Crisis has brought enormous damage to those hit countries, it left very precious lessons for the developing countries. Countries have to make a decision under uncertainty - they must choose an exchange-rate system and associated monetary policy without full information on the consequences of that choice. They must weigh the arguments and the costs of errors from adopting different exchange rates. They must evaluate the alleged benefits of each system and the opportunities for achieving those benefits through alternative, substitute means. They must also evaluate methods of reducing the potential costs of each system. It is true that no single exchange rate regime can. be prescribed as best for all, nor is the best choice of exchange rate regime always clears for all places in all times, even in light of their specific circumstances. There are no simple, universal answers. But under most circumstances and for most developing countries, one system of flexible exchange rate is better than others.     

Study on the Supporting Policies of SMEs： Empirical Research in Shaanxi Province

SMEs have played a more and more important role in economic development and social stability. However, SMEs supporting policies have not been attached great importance accordingly, which has made SMEs in the situation of ＂high position but weak strength＂. Generally speaking, SMEs are a group that needs to support by a series of policies. This paper analyses problems of Shaanxi SMEs supporting policies systematically and gives some countermeasures to these problems. We hope they would be valuable to SMEs supporting policies both in policy making and their implementation, which is the foundation of the sustainable development of SMEs in Shaanxi Province and other provinces in the whole country as well.     

Evaluation of high-tech enterprises＇ development capacity

In order to study the development capacity of high-tech enterprises, this paper studies the evaluation index system of high-tech enterprises＇ development capacity, reviews the analysis methods on this topic, then analyzes and evaluates the development capacity of 25 high-tech enterprises in Hunan.     

General Overview of Central Asian Turk＇ s Art of War and Psychology of War

In Central Asian Turkish culture, Turkish nomadic and hunting strategies in the war hold an important place in the affected areas. Lightweight equipment and horses and horseback archery have gained importance in the battle field; factors such as the independence and freedom of the Turkish military have been a source of their courage. Metehan, Oguz, Kursad and 40 warriors on the battlefield have been found in this direction and their struggle for independence period with the Central Asian countries has played an influential role in determining the boundaries. In this research, it has been tried to mention the structure of the Central Asian Turkish army, the structure of the Turkish army and logic of the war psychology.     

The Influence of the Technical Barriers to Trade against China＇s Exports

TBT is one kind of the non-tariff barriers, which has its special characteristics. More and more countries have imposed technical barriers on China＇s exports in order to protect their domestic industries. In the process of melting into the international economy, China should deal with TBT more actively not only by counter-attacking them with the aid of the legitimate weapon, but also by establishing China＇s own technical standard system in full use of its rationality.     

Past Successes and New Challenges： China＇s Foreign Trade at a Turning Point

Since 1979, China has recorded a remarkable trade performance, which has been driven by international processing and the offshoring strategies of foreign firms. The diversification of Chinese exports and their technological upgrading have been phenomenal However, there is also inertia, illustrated by the persistent dualism of the trade sector, the unrelenting specialization in downmarket products and the deteriorating terms of trade. These weaknesses have helped its partners to adjust to the rise of this new trade power. In the past decade, China＇s economy has faced the adverse effects o fan export-led growth and the global crisis has revealed its vulnerability. China is now forced to rebalance its economy. This will imply major changes in foreign trade, in favor of ordinary trade and away from processing. In the foreseeable future, China is unlikely to become the driver of international demand but will remain the engine of Asian economic integration.     

Competitive Neutrality of the OECD Consensus Myth or Reality

This research paper gives into context ongoing changes in the balance of forces in the international markets caused not only by the crisis and the need to restore market-neutral internationally agreed system for state participation in the support for exports based on real economic criteria. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the changes of the balance of forces in the international markets. This paper presented the statistical data relating to development of GDP, indebtedness or value of exports or imports that the present changes in international markets and open discussion about the topic problem. This article recalled the basic principles of insurance and export financing with state support and also are presented current problems of implementation rules of the CONSENSUS. Due to the fact that state support for exports is an important internationally respected system it is necessary to overcome some doubts and bring to the system real market neutrality. Therefore, we ask whether are respected in practice the agreed principles of international state aid exports and what problems currently international markets and fundamentally different countries are struggling. It can be said that the rules CONSENSUS OECD has contributed to the creation of fair market conditions in international markets, but it can be also monitored over time to some extent being away from the demands of market neutrality. In view of these facts it can be considered as the basis of the current situation primarily to ensure a truly market and competitive neutrality of state support for exports.     

Generating of multi-criteria alternatives for decision-making in electric light rail control

The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate genetic algorithms and scheduling theory about the methods of controlling public electric transport. Scheduling theory can be defined as criteria of time constraints for target functions of the optimal electric transport control task and for electrical process diagnostics task. Mathematical models and procedures are developed for the control of electrical processes and the optimization of railway traffic control, using scheduling theory and multi-criteria of decision making. Functional dependencies between electrical processes and dynamics of electric transport flow states are investigated in the research. Genetic algorithms are investigated for getting dynamic multi-criteria optimization of processes in real time mode. Efficiency of proposed methods about procedures for optimal electric transport flow control is analyzed and. Safety is considered as an inherent component of the total transport system, which embraces infrastructures, goods and containers, transport users and operators, vehicles and vessels, measures at policy and legislative levels includes decision support and validation tools. Integrated safety and security systems for surface transport systems includes advanced modeling, simulation and engineering tools, aiming at the improvement of safety and security performance of transport systems. Development will include methodologies and designing environments for risk based design and approval, roll-over test development and pre-normative research towards regulations based on virtual testing methods as well as mechatronic systems for dynamic stability, reliable and effective braking systems for vehicles. The paper is based on authors＇ previous scientific work which researches the intelligent device systems and their applications in transport systems. Intelligent devices are controllers, which have interface to work in global network and wireless networks, and are programmed to use methods of the artificial intelligence. Intelligent devices have possibilities to negotiate with each other and to coordinate their work to get better decision. The results of experiments show the possibility of the developed systems to prevent accidents and to avoid different problems by intelligent diagnostic and coordination devices.