再谈后危机时代的国际贸易摩擦

在国际金融危机的背景下,各国之间的贸易摩擦日益增多.中国在超越德国成为世界第一出口大国的同时,也不断遭遇来自多领域多国家的贸易保护壁垒.与危机前的贸易摩擦相比,后危机时代的贸易摩擦,无论在产品种类,还是产业领域都有所扩展.同时,各国的贸易保护手段也愈加隐蔽.更值得注意的是,贸易保护已不再是发达国家的专利,印度,俄罗斯,巴西等新兴经济体也加入其中,在与中国扩大贸易的过程中,也在挑起越来越多的贸易摩擦.面对后危机时代贸易摩擦产生的新特点,本文从贸易摩擦所涉领域、贸易摩擦范围、贸易保护手段和贸易摩擦政治化等四个角度予以分析,并提出相应的建议解决措施.     

国际援助格局演变趋势与中国对外援助的定位

对外援助是国际政治经济关系的重要组成部分。在当前国际政治多极化、经济全球化的趋势下,国际援助格局正走向多元化,各援助方力量对比发生新的变化。发达国家总体援助实力渐弱,而"新兴援助国"援助力量增强,受到国际社会的关注。在这种形势下,中国应加强与新兴援助大国的沟通与协调,立足并发展南南合作型援助。     

新兴经济体崛起与全球经济格局重塑

新世纪以来,世界经济中的一个突出特征就是新兴经济体的迅速崛起,突出表现是其经济增长速度的加快和在世界经济总体中所占份额迅速扩大。新兴经济体的崛起虽然对原有西方主导的世界经济格局带来严重冲击,但要从根本上改变现有国际经济格局还需要长期努力。     

做大做强生物经济的大国路径

生物经济正在成为带动世界经济增长的重要引擎,给中国带来实现技术“并轨”和产业“跃升”的战略机遇。面对全球生物经济发展的浪潮,新兴大国应以积极姿态抢占制高点,努力赢得全球科技和产业竞争的主动权。具体地说,新一轮技术革命趋势为新兴大国发展生物经济和实现产业跃升提供了战略机遇,国内资源多样性和市场规模性形成了发展生物经济的大国优势。应构建政府和市场协同一致的大国治理机制,提高政府和市场在发展生物经济和生物技术创新中的协同性,构建国内和国际双循环相互促进的生物经济发展格局,从而开拓做大做强生物经济的大国路径。     

中美贸易摩擦现状与对策浅析

贸易摩擦是中美外交上的热点话题,近20年来,中美贸易总额以年均20%的速率激增。中国作为正在崛起的贸易大国,正处于国际贸易摩擦的高发期,尤其是在中美之间。鉴于此,通过对中美贸易摩擦数据资料进行分析,阐述中美贸易摩擦的现状,论证了中美贸易不平衡是中美贸易摩擦的主要原因,劳动力成本差异等因素是影响中美贸易正常发展的主要障碍。最后,提出了解决当前中美贸易摩擦的对策。     

再谈后危机时代的国际贸易摩擦

在国际金融危机的背景下，各国之间的贸易摩擦日益增多。中国在超越德国成为世界第一出口大国的同时，也不断遭遇来自多领域多国家的贸易保护壁垒。与危机前的贸易摩擦相比，后危机时代的贸易摩擦，无论在产品种类，还是产业领域都有所扩展。同时，各国的贸易保护手段也愈加隐蔽。更值得注意的是，贸易保护已不再是发达国家的专利，印度，俄罗斯，巴西等新兴经济体也加入其中，在与中国扩大贸易的过程中，也在挑起越来越多的贸易摩擦。面对后危机时代贸易摩擦产生的新特点，本文从贸易摩擦所涉领域、贸易摩擦范围、贸易保护手段和贸易摩擦政治化等四个角度予以分析，并提出相应的建议解决措施。     

中国皮具企业应对国际贸易摩擦的内在策略研究

随着经济全球化,贸易摩擦成为了困扰中国对外贸易的一大顽疾,作为中国传统制造产业之一的皮具产业深受其扰：由于我国皮具产品的生产和出口大国地位,因此增强我国度具企业的国际贸易摩擦的应对能力对于拉动我国经济增长具有重要的积极作用,本文正是在此背景下,通过分析我国皮具企业出口遭遇贸易摩擦的成因,进而为我国皮具企业应对贸易摩擦进行了内在的策略思考。     

农业保护政策对农产品贸易摩擦的影响分析

农业保护政策严重阻碍了农产品贸易自由化,导致世界农产品贸易摩擦不断升级.从整体角度来看,农业政策通过以政策优势取代比较优势所产生的消极影响以及对国际农产品贸易格局的扭曲效应对贸易摩擦产生影响,这些效应又因摩擦的当事国之间的发展水平不同而产生不同的特殊效应.发达国家间农产品贸易摩擦产生竞相保护博弈效应,发展中国家之间的农产品贸易摩擦产生边境政策的刚性对抗效应,发达国家与发展中国家之间的农产品贸易摩擦则导致择定扭曲效应.     

中俄关系：大国关系的典范

大国关系历来为人们所高度关注,因为大国关系不仅对于国际格局的形成及其发展态势具有决定性作用,而且是大国应对国际格局变化制定自身战略的重要依据。中国与俄罗斯的关系作为典型的大国关系，其远近亲疏不仅事关当今国际格局的新发展，而且事关中俄两国人民长远利益。     

运用全局思维应对中美贸易摩擦的思考北大核心SSCI

在当前世界经济复苏乏力、贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,双边贸易摩擦有所增多。特别是今年,美国挑起中美贸易摩擦,过分强调其单边的、单项的贸易逆差,给中美双边及国际多边贸易格局带来了恶劣影响。对于不断升级的中美贸易摩擦,一方面需要认清其实质,以全局思维科学,分别施以应对举措,保证外交利益,同时,要对美方在贸易赤字方面的统计口径予以更正,用全局思维,以国际法律据理力争,在谈判和舆论上赢得更多主动。     

Rising Powers in Complex Regimes: South African Norm Shopping in the Governance of Cross-Border Investment

ABSTRACT

This article offers a critical engagement with the literature on contemporary global power shifts and the phenomenon of ‘regime complexity’. It does so by focusing on South Africa's role in the governance of cross-border investment, and using this case to explore the strategies used by rising powers to pursue their strategic aims in institutionally complex and fragmented global governance regimes. This article situates an understanding of regime complexity within a critical constructivist literature that highlights the ambiguity of international norms and the relationship between power and strategic rhetorical action. It argues that complex regimes create space for agency and strategic action by states and highlights one specific strategy – norm shopping – that rising powers can use to legitimate their actions and challenge dominant norms in complex regimes.     

Why is China a Reluctant Leader of the World Trade Organization?

ABSTRACT

China has drawn massive benefits via expanded trade since it acceded to the WTO in 2001. We might therefore reasonably expect it to have taken a more assertive lead in trying to rectify the travails in which the organisation finds itself mired, attendant with its rising power status, its active trade diplomacy elsewhere, the high levels of relative gains it has enjoyed since becoming a member, and its broader trade dependency. That China has not done so represents a puzzle, which is usually answered with reference to the international picture: i.e. that global trade has appeared to be holding up reasonably well throughout and beyond the global crisis, and, despite some inchoate protectionism, there generally exists a broad commitment to an open trading regime. Yet this only tells part of the story: China’s approach cannot simply be ‘read off’ from the structural context and there are, in fact, a series of interesting domestic explanations for why China has remained a ‘reluctant leader’ of the WTO too. On the basis of a series of interviews with Chinese experts, we offer a more complete account of these processes that better recognises patterns of agency, and how China navigates a contingent international order.     

Trade, Wages and Unemployment in the Presence of Hiring and Firing Costs

This paper offers a new explanation of the recent Australian wage inequality and unemployment experience. Building on a standard international trade model, it is argued that trade affects wage inequality and unemployment through changes in the bargaining power of different groups of workers in the presence of hiring and firing costs. This allows previously puzzling aspects of the trends to be explained, including the inconsistency of the existing Stolper-Samuelson trade explanation with rising relative skilled wages at the same time as rising skilled labour intensity of production. Considering differences in labour market institutions, in particular hiring and firing costs and minimum wages, allows differences between the experiences of Australia, the USA and Europe to be explained.     

The Shape of ‘Rising Powers’ to Come? The Antinomies of Growth and Neoliberal Development in Turkey

ABSTRACT

The short-term GDP growth-based economic success of the BRICS has spawned a trend of grouping large emerging market economies under shared monikers. The proliferation of a wide array of labels – from MINTs to VISTAs – within political and financial circles has been accompanied by a growing scholarly interest in the study of these ‘emerging markets’ and future ‘rising powers’. This paper discusses the literature on Turkey’s ‘rising power’ status to problematise the conceptual and analytical parameters that shape these wider debates. Accordingly, I argue that the established parameters are wholly based in, and in turn reproduce, a neoliberal conception of development which prioritises a narrowly construed metric of economic progress based on GDP growth, while simultaneously ignoring the associated socio-economic and environmental costs. The paper interrogates the ways in which select macroeconomic indicators have been deployed to legitimise neoliberal reform in Turkey and utilises this case study to mount a methodological challenge to the relevant IR/IPE literatures that conceptualise ‘emerging markets’ and ‘rising powers’ from growth-oriented perspectives.     

The Role of Southern Intellectuals in Contemporary Trade Governance

This paper identifies the emergence of a new set of trade intellectuals from the global South, primarily from the rising powers. It argues that this group of ‘Southern trade intellectuals’ has formed a loose epistemic community, and traces the impact the group is having on global trade governance. The subject examined differs from most other uses of the epistemic community framework in that it analyses a case in which there is no objective, scientific knowledge being promoted by the group. Instead, the group is engaged in promoting one subjective understanding of events over another. However, the emergence of this epistemic community has been important in providing an alternative trade narrative that has weakened the dominance previously enjoyed by the Western powers over trade analysis. This broadening of the range of trade analysis and expert opinion forms an important, though potentially problematic, area of leadership provided by the rising powers to less developed countries.     

China in Global Economic Governance

China has made contradictory claims about its attitude toward the existing international order. Is China a “responsible stakeholder” in the existing international regimes? Or has China been a new type of great power seeking to reform the existing world order, making it more friendly toward the global South? In this article, we look beyond Chinese rhetoric and examine China's behavior in global economic governance. A comparison with other emerging powers and traditional major powers shows that China has been actively involved in global economic governance. But, thus far, China has not exercised substantive leadership nor has it pushed hard for change to benefit the developing countries. The level of its support of the current regimes varies across issue areas and is primarily driven by its changing economic interest.     

汇率变动对中国出口贸易的影响

在理论上汇率上升会降低出口贸易,在实证上却出现相反的结论。在人民币对美元不断升值的情况下,中国的对外出口贸易却迅速增加。垂直专业分工到双边贸易的引力模型就中国与世界30个主要贸易对象的出口贸易数据研究表明,国际垂直专业化分工使得出口的汇率弹性降低。因此,传统汇率理论会导致弹性的高估,在国际垂直分工下希望通过人民币升值降低中国的贸易顺差也难以实现。     

Rising Economies in the International Patent Regime: From Rule-breakers to Rule-changers and Rule-makers

Rising economies face a crucial dilemma when establishing their position on international patent law. Should they translate their increasing economic strength into political power to further developing countries’ interests in lower levels of international patent protection? Or, anticipating a rising domestic interest in stronger international patent protection, should they adopt a position that favours maximal patent protection? Drawing on multiple case studies using a most-similar system design, we argue that rising economies, after having been coerced into adopting more stringent patent standards, tend to display ambivalent positions, trapped in bureaucratic politics and caught between conflicting domestic constituencies. We find that the recent proliferation of international institutions and the expansion of transnational networks have contributed to fragmentation and polarisation in domestic patent politics. As a result, today’s emerging economies experience a more tortuous transformative process than did yesterday’s. This finding is of particular relevance for scholars studying rising powers, as well as for those working on policy diffusion, regulatory regimes, transnational networks and regime complexes.     

海外研发、贸易摩擦与创新绩效：来自中国高科技上市公司的经验证据

海外研发被视为后发国家实现技术赶超的有效路径,现有文献基于经贸自由化的前置条件证实了海外研发提升创新绩效的反哺作用。然而在全球贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,资源要素的自由流动愈发困难,海外研发能否发挥应有的作用尚不得而知。为此,基于中国高科技上市公司的数据,本文探索了中美贸易摩擦如何影响中国企业的海外研发绩效。研究发现,中美贸易摩擦非但没有侵蚀中国企业的海外研发绩效,反而产生倒逼效应,推动中国企业提升投资效率并积累国际投资经验,继而增强了海外研发的反哺作用。通过区分海外研发目的地,本文进一步发现倒逼效应在赴非美国家的样本中更显著。赴美研发受到贸易摩擦的冲击更为直接,稀释了提升投资效率和积累国际化经验所带来的收益。研究结论深化了国际商务理论关于贸易保护和壁垒如何影响跨国企业投资绩效的相关研究,为中国企业在高度不确定的投资环境下如何充分释放海外研发的潜能提供启示。     

经济环境变化对我国玩具业的影响与对策

受国家加工贸易政策从紧、银根紧缩、人民币升值、出口退税率降低、国际贸易保护主义、原材料成本上升、劳动力价格上升和《新劳动合同法》实施等多重因素影响,我国玩具业发展面临着严峻的挑战。我国玩具企业应该另辟蹊径,要充分利用已有的产业规模优势,积极构建融资平台,加快发展自主产品,提升产品科技含量,实现产业升级和转型。