内外冲击下中国货币政策的抉择——基于利率调整与经济增长关系的实证研究

本文将利率对经济增长率的影响效应分解为两部分:一部分是由平均投资倾向加权的资本边际产出随利率变化所反映的投资效率效应;另一部分是由资本边际产出加权的平均投资倾向随利率变化所反映的投资规模效应.运用误差修正模型对这两种效应进行估计检验,实证表明,实际利率的投资规模效应几乎可以忽略,投资效率效应也非常低,上一年实际贷款利率对经济增长的影响效应很微小.因此,在中国利率政策还难以成为货币政策实施的主要手段,抑制通货膨胀还需依赖其他调控政策手段.     

利率调整与经济增长关系的实证研究

本文将利率对经济增长率的影响效应分解为两部分:一部分是由平均投资倾向加权的资本边际产出随利率变化所反映的投资效率效应;另一部分是由资本边际产出加权的平均投资倾向随利率变化所反映的投资规模效应。运用误差修正模型对这两种效应进行估计检验,实证表明,实际利率的投资规模效应几乎可以忽略,投资效率效应也非常低,上一年实际贷款利率对经济增长的影响效应很微小。因此,在中国利率政策还难以成为货币政策实施的主要手段的情况下,抑制通货膨胀还需依赖其他调控政策手段。     

贷款利率市场化改革与企业全要素生产率——来自贷款利率上下限放开的微观证据

提高企业全要素生产率是促进中国经济高质量发展的微观基础.本文以贷款利率上下限放开为准自然实验,考察利率市场化如何影响企业全要素生产率.研究发现:风险高的公司在贷款利率上限放开后全要素生产率显著提高,而在贷款利率下限放开后,风险高与低的公司,其全要素生产率不存在显著差异.作用机制检验发现,贷款利率市场化通过优化企业间的资本配置效率和提高企业技术创新能力促进全要素生产率的提升.异质性检验发现,政府干预更少和处于行业竞争度更高的公司受贷款利率市场化改革的影响更大.本文为深入理解利率市场化影响微观企业行为提供经验支持,也为经济高质量发展提供有益借鉴.     

贷款利率市场化对企业财务脆弱性的影响研究

金融稳定是国民经济健康有序发展的重要保障,企业财务脆弱性是金融不稳定的主要根源.本文将利率市场化与金融稳定的关系作为切入点,分析并检验贷款利率下限放开对2007-2018年间沪深两市非金融企业财务脆弱性的影响.研究发现:(1)贷款利率下限放开显著降低了企业庞氏融资发生概率,说明贷款利率市场化有助于缓解企业财务脆弱性,且该效应在非国有企业中更强.(2)从影响途径看,贷款利率市场化通过降低企业负债水平、长期借款占比和有息负债占比,缓解企业财务的脆弱性.(3)贷款利率市场化对有资金缺口、商业信用低、营收规模小但能够盈利企业财务脆弱性的缓解效应更强.本文研究提供了贷款利率市场化微观经济效应正外部性的经验证据,既是对利率市场化宏观经济后果的有益补充,也丰富了有关企业财务脆弱性影响因素的文献,为央行完善贷款市场报价利率形成机制和银行监管部门强化金融监管,提供了一些新的理论和实践参考依据.     

我国上市公司财务状况与商业银行贷款利率的关系研究

随着我国利率市场化改革的不断深入,利率的形成机制和定价水平对于企业资金运用和资源配置的效率有着极其重要的意义.财务状况对商业银行贷款利率定价的影响也已成为理论与实物界的热点话题.本文运用沪市上市公司2008-2010年贷款利率信息及相应的财务信息为研究对象,检验企业各类财务比率(偿债能力、盈利能力、现金流量、资本结构、资产管理能力)对于贷款利率的实际影响.通过多元线性回归模型,得出以下结论:上市公司财务状况与贷款利率之间存在显著性相关关系;各类财务比率对贷款利率影响差异较大     

LPR改革对居民消费信贷的影响分析

作为利率市场化的关键一步,贷款市场报价利率(LPR)形成机制的改革有助于提高利率传导效率,并以市场化手段推动降低实体经济融资成本。这同样会对居民部门消费需求产生影响。特别是在居民杠杆率增长快、资产流动性不足、信贷渠道发挥的作用相对有限的背景下,以LPR为基础的贷款定价方式改革不仅有助于优化跨期消费决策,缓解偿债压力,强化直接利率效应,还可以通过提升企业经营效率以及居民收入,加强间接收入效应。     

利率市场化的宏观经济效应——基于DSGE模型的研究

利率市场化的深入推进,必将改变经济主体的行为方式,引致宏观经济变动。通过构建包括家庭部门、企业部门、金融部门和中央银行在内的动态随机一般均衡模型,在利率管制、部分市场化、完全市场化三种情形下模拟货币需求冲击、技术冲击、贷款冲击、利率冲击对宏观经济的影响。结果表明,货币需求冲击和利率冲击对经济产生负向影响,技术冲击和贷款冲击对经济产生正向影响,前者随利率市场化程度的上升而增大,后者随利率市场化程度的上升而下降。我国在利率完全市场化后,中央银行可以通过利率变动以平滑宏观经济波动,提高货币政策的传导效率和调控效果。     

利率市场化改革与经济增长——基于54个国家的实证研究

本文基于54个国家1970~2000年的有关数据,建立面板回归模型进行分析。研究发现,进行利率市场化改革对经济增长有明显的影响;利率市场化改革对于发展中国家的影响要大于对发达国家的影响;对于发达国家经济增长率的影响趋于积极,对于发展中国家经济增长率的影响则有正有负,整体综合动向不十分明晰。利率市场化改革与维持经济增长率稳定可能存在冲突。因此,对于中国而言,可以考虑通过给银行等金融机构预留政策准备期、注重实体经济的发展和承受状况、防范改革中止带来的相应冲突等措施来促进利率市场化改革对经济增长的正向影响。     

利率市场化视角下金融市场间溢出效应检验

利率市场化进程通常伴随着金融市场的溢出效应。本文基于三变量VAR模型,实证分析了中国货币市场、债券市场、股票市场三个金融市场间的均值溢出效应,并以利率市场化进程中"取消贷款利率下限"这一事件作为分段节点,对比了利率市场化两阶段中溢出效应的差异。研究结果表明:在利率市场化初期债券市场收益率对股票市场收益率存在单向溢出效应,而随着利率市场化的深入,特别是在放开贷款利率下限之后的两年多的时间里,股票市场收益率对债券市场收益率与货币市场收益率对债券市场收益率均存在单向溢出效应。     

中美消费贷款定价比较及其启示

利率至今尚未完全放开的中国与市场经济条件下的美国,在消费贷款定价方面存在诸多差异,如影响两国消费贷款定价的因素、消费贷款定价的模型与模式以及消费贷款的实际利率计算方法等都不完全一样,然而,人民币利率市场化却指日可待。因此,我国商业银行有必要借鉴美国经验,尽快构建适应利率市场化需要的消费贷款定价模式、实现计息方法和还款方式的多样化,从而增强其市场竞争能力。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.