风险导向审计模式下公共财政绩效审计思路探讨

审计署2008至2012年审计工作发展规划提出要全面推进绩效审计,提高财政资金和公共资源配置、使用、利用的经济性、效率性和效果性。到2012年,每年所有的审计项目都开展绩效审计。可见,公共财政绩效审计是在财政财务收支审计发展到一定阶段推出的又一新的审计领域。本文着力探讨了在公共财政绩效审计中引入风险导向审计模式的理论可行性,以及在实践中运用风险导向审计模式的基本思路。     

Auditing in the United States: a historical perspective

This article reports several archival auditing discoveries and episodes, including significant previously unpublished ones, in a context that relates auditing to early corporate enterprises in the United States. While the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's reliance on its audit committee of directors from its inception in 1827 and the functions of the auditing committee of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in the 1850s are the principal subjects of the article, other railroad examples are also provided. These uses of auditing in the early corporate United States provide materials which provide a useful perspective for today's accounting researchers and practitioners as to the fundamental control and governance values of the auditing function. The article advances the basis for explaining the origins and development of auditing in the United States.     

财政科技创新项目绩效审计评价指标设计及应用

财政项目支出绩效审计是政府绩效审计的重要内容,如何构建合理的绩效审计评价指标并运用科学的评价方法是获得客观的审计结论的重要前提.本文分析了绩效审计评价指标体系的构建原则,在此基础上构建了一项财政科技创新项目的绩效审计评价指标,并采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对该项目进行绩效审计评价,将定性评价的指标演算为量化的评价结论.最后,在结论部分,对模糊层次分析法在绩效审计评价中的运用进行了总结.     

经济效益审计方法研究

经济效益审计在企业乃至政府中的作用正逐渐显现,而经济效益审计方法则是影响经济效益审计效用的一个非常重要的因素。本文以经济效益审计方法为切入点,首先通过阐述经济效益审计的含义,引申出其方法与传统审计方法的异同;然后结合经济效益审计方法的各种应用条件,对各种方法的具体使用进行详解;最后汇总概括本文主旨并提出建议。     

Performance Monitoring in the Australian Public Service: a Government-Wide Analysis

This article considers the applicability of performance monitoring in the public sector. It analyses performance information across Australian government in order to identify, if possible, the basic attributes of effective performance monitoring, and finds significant variations. The authors conclude that varying levels of complexity in defining ends, and in attributing the achievement of objectives to particular means, may account for most of the differences. However, a number of exceptions suggest there is also room for adaptation.     

Performance Measurement in the Public Sector: A Clarification and Agenda for Research

Despite the growing significance of performance measurement systems, theoretical evidence suggests that unique and complex characteristics in the public sector prevent performance measures being used for internal managerial purposes. A paucity of empirical studies suggests a need to shift the research agenda to interpretive methods to understand how the measures are used in a public-sector entity. A field study approach employing grounded theory is advocated to connect what is happening in practice with scholarly work.     

注册会计师在环境审计中所占地位初探

随着国际地位的日益提高以及经济的快速发展,我国的环境保护压力日益加剧,环境审计势必将发挥越来越重要的作用。但现阶段我国环境审计的主体是政府主导的相关部门,审计效果并不理想。为了避免在公有制经济中政府干预进入市场导致低效率,根据委托-代理理论的相关内容,可以确立注册会计师在环境审计中的主体地位。在此基础上,进行以财务为导向的审计活动,从而增强所披露信息的准确性及时效性,以促进企业利益相关者做出正确的决策。     

The Relevance of AAS 29 to the Australian Public Sector: A Cause for Doubt?

In December 1993, the AARF issued Australian Accounting Standard AAS 29, Financial Reporting by Government Departments . The Standard requires all Australian government departments (GDs) to adopt comprehensive accrual financial reporting no later than 30 December 1996. Given the magnitude and potential financial cost of these reforms, the claimed benefits of AAS 29 justify empirical investigation and scrutiny. The purpose of the present study was to test underlying rationales of AAS 29 by reference to ratings and opinions of 172 federal and state GDs in Australia. The key rationale of AAS 29 is that accrual-based financial reports will be relevant to the economic decision making of GDs and their external users. While the empirical results presented in this paper are confined to the internal viewpoints of senior GD officials and representatives, they cast into doubt the relevance of AAS 29 in the Australian public sector.     

公共支出绩效:"热"考评中的"冷"思考

公共支出绩效，是目前财政理论界与实践部门探讨较多的重大问题，中央和地方许多部门也在不同领域尝试进行对公共支出绩效的考评。但是，必须指出的是，由于我国绩效考评理论研究的程度有限，实际业务部门的思想观念还未宾正到位，加之一些考评的基础性工作没有充分做好，对公共支出绩效的考评，目前还存在一些误区、问题和亟待改进之处。笔者试图对上述问题进行初步的梳理，并在现实制度框架下提出改进的对策建议。     

Knowing efficiency: the enactment of efficiency in efficiency auditing

This paper reports an ethnographic study of the activities of auditors in the field as they work to fulfil an efficiency auditing mandate; it analyses how auditors report on efficiency in practice. Miller and Rose's work on governmentality (Miller & Rose (1990). Governing economic Life. Economy and Society, 1–31; Rose & Miller (1992). Political power beyond the state: problematics of government. British Journal of Sociology, 173–205) is developed as it applies to the technologies that Miller and Rose identify as providing the means to realise programmes such as efficiency auditing. The study explores the operationalisation of efficiency auditing through analysis of three audits as they were conducted in the field. It is argued that in the absence of detailed rules or standards practitioners themselves developed an agreed upon knowledge and sensibility that allowed them to make efficiency auditing tractable. The paper explicates these normative guides and discusses the consequences of an apparently socially constructed form of efficiency in guiding auditing practice.     

A Field Study of the Review Process: Research Note

Despite the stated importance of the audit review process in auditing standards and textbooks, research on the process itself is limited. This study provides evidence on the nature and purpose of the review process by examining the actual review notes prepared by managers of a Big-6 accounting firm. A sample of twenty-eight audit engagements resulting in 3,008 separate review notes was examined. The results suggest that quality control aspects appear to be the main focus of the review process. Review notes sometimes indicated the need to gather further information and/or undertake additional testing, and provided direct as well as indirect advice on the audit approach to subordinates. Few surprises resulted from the review process, and the review notes and approaches varied among managers.     

Constituent Participation in the Australian Public Sector Accounting Standard-Setting Process: The Case of ED 55

The Australian public sector has recently undergone a period of intense reform including a comprehensive reform of financial reporting policies. A major aspect of this reform is the involvement of the Australian accounting profession in the formulation of financial reporting standards through the Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (PSASB). Despite this extensive change, scant research has examined constituent participation in the Australian public sector accounting standard-setting 'due process'. This paper considers the regulatory model adopted for accounting standard-setting in the public sector in Australia and identifies the implications of this model for constituent access to the 'due process'. In particular, the co-operation between the PSASB and the various regulatory bodies in each Australian jurisdiction suggests that these bodies may have more direct influence over the standard-setters than other constituents. The submissions made on ED 55 Financial Reporting by Government Departments are examined as a case study of the 'due process' as it operates in the public sector. Different constituent groups were found to respond in varying proportions, to hold conflicting positions on some issues contained in ED 55 and to use different strategies to present these positions. The research identifies a lack of input by the major group affected by the proposed standard, the account preparers (government departments). In addition, account preparers which did respond to ED 55 were found to use less sophisticated lobbying strategies than other respondents who weighted their responses by commenting on a greater number of issues and by supporting their position with conceptual arguments. These results support the contention that some constituents have favourable access to the 'due process' and that standard-setters may not have received all pertinent information from affected and/or knowledgeable constituents.     

Performance Management in the Public Sector: Past Experiences, Current Practices and Future Challenges

This paper reviews developments in research into public-sector performance management over the past 20 years. Particular attention is paid to four increasingly influential research approaches in this area: multidimensional stakeholder approaches, the balanced scorecard approach, institutional approaches and the radical learning approach. Opportunities for applying these approaches in further research are also outlined. These opportunities are discussed in light of changing reform agendas centred on growing concerns with managing outcomes and relative performance evaluation as means of fostering an enhanced citizen or beneficiary orientation, inter-organisational collaboration and learning in the public sector.     

Trust and Control in Network Relations: A Study of a Public Sector Setting

This study contributes to the literature by addressing the role of trust and control in public sector settings in which several organizations cooperate; its aim is to advance the understanding of trust and control in relations in which several parties are involved. The empirical study presented is a longitudinal case study of the relationships between organizational units within a municipality and a shared service center (SSC) that provides IT and administrative services. The main finding is that, compared to actors in previous studies of dyadic relationships in the private sector, actors in network relations seem to consider trust a risky option. It is less tempting to rely on a certain party when that party in turn is entangled with other parties. This situation causes a more intensive use of formal control. Another result is that increased trust between two parties might lead to more emphasis on formal control by a third party.     

Budget Rules and Flexibility in the Public Sector: Towards a Taxonomy

The practices and norms of public budgeting have often been seen as a brake on the flexibility needed of government organisations. This remains true despite historically significant financial management reforms designed around budgetary devolution. Seeing flexibility as operating along two dimensions – devolution and discretion – this paper revisits the underlying features of traditional public budgeting to develop a taxonomy of six generic ‘budget rules’. By isolating key properties of budget control, the paper uses two of the more prominent rules – annuality and purpose – to illustrate how the rules interact to generate control capacity, as well as the scope for rule variability in promoting increased flexibility.     

上市公司董事会特征对公司绩效影响的分析

文章以沪深两市百强名单中的董事会作为研究对象,借助SPSS统计软件,分析上市公司董事会特征对公司绩效的影响。结果表明：四项董事会特征与公司绩效均没有明显的相关关系。这表明目前我国上市公司还未能通过优化董事会特征来提高董事会效率进而提高公司绩效,上市公司治理存在很大的改进空间。文章提出了优化董事会成员结构、优化薪酬制度、建立健全董事任用和绩效评估机制等对策建议。     

Jurisdictional Competition Between Private and Public Sector Auditors:The Case of the Danish Certified Public Sector Auditor Qualification

Abstract: This paper explores the apparent paradox that while public sector auditors have become more powerful by claiming performance auditing expertise and linking this to New Public Management reforms, the same reforms have provided an opening for competition between private and public sector auditors. In Denmark, the competitive relation has led to a jurisdictional dispute between public and private sector auditors in which the former have developed a special qualification for public sector auditors. The paper analyses the development of this qualification using Abbott's (1988) theory of the system of professions, thus focusing on how the involved groups have attempted to build networks of support for their competing jurisdictional claims of expertise. The case contributes to knowledge about the potential for development of a distinct public sector auditor identity. The case suggests that to develop such an identity and gain professional recognition, public sector auditors need to convince parliaments, standard‐setting bodies and universities that a public sector auditing qualification serves as a solution to some of their problems, too.