灾害、风险冲击对农户贫困脆弱性影响的研究综述

我国的扶贫工作方向近年来已从减少绝对贫困转为降低农户的贫困脆弱性、提高农户抵御风险的能力上来。这要求我们首先要明确贫困脆弱性的内涵,明确风险冲击与贫困脆弱性之间的关系,并对脆弱性进行科学度量。国内外关于农户贫困脆弱性的理论和实证研究非常丰富,文章从理论框架、实证研究方法两个角度对这些文献进行了归纳和总结,介绍了灾害及风险冲击对农户贫困脆弱性影响的理论框架,并对三种主要的贫困脆弱性度量方法进行了较为详细的评述。在综述以往研究成果的基础上,总结了在我国政策背景下,可能有效降低风险冲击对农户贫困脆弱性影响的措施。     

国际社会的贫困理论与减贫战略研究

贫困是世界著名的3P问题之一。作为一种特定的社会经济现象,贫困是全球面临的共同难题。二次世界大战后至今,国际社会为减少及消除贫困做出了积极的贡献,并提出了如人类发展指数、人类贫困指数和千年发展目标这样的有关贫困的理论及国际减贫目标。本文从国际社会的角度出发,对贫困理论以及减贫战略进行了详细研究,并在国际社会制订减贫战略及政策方面提出了几点建议。     

简论阿马蒂亚·森能力贫困理论及对完善中国低保制度的启示

阿马蒂亚·森认为贫困不仅仅是相对地比别人穷,而是基本可行能力的绝对剥夺,由此,提出了能力贫困理论。阿马蒂亚.森的能力贫困理论强调提高人的可行能力就会增强人的生产力和反贫困的能力,开创了贫困问题研究的新视角,拓展了贫困问题的研究方法,这对完善中国低保制度具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

中国多维贫困的动态测算、结构分解与精准扶贫

贫困的多维福利剥夺程度高低和持续时间长短是近年来理论界关注的焦点,也是政府制定精准扶贫政策的重要理论依据.文章综合Alkire和Foster(2011)提出的多维贫困测算方法和Foster(2009)提出的长期贫困测算方法,构建了长期多维贫困指数和暂时多维贫困指数,实证分析了中国的贫困状况,并进行了城乡分解、指标分解和区域分解.结果发现:第一,样本家庭在多维视角下的长期贫困比例要高于暂时贫困,这与单一地从收入角度来分析长期贫困和暂时贫困的结论恰好相反;第二,对于所有类型的贫困而言,教育年限、医疗保险和健康的贡献度都排在前三位,但健康对于长期贫困人口的贡献度要明显高于暂时贫困;第三,总体看来,农村的多维贫困程度不仅高于城市,而且很多指标的贫困持续时间也要高于城市;第四,从四大区域看,经济发展水平较低的中西部地区,长期多维贫困程度要高于东部和东北部地区.     

宏观审慎政策与经济增长

近年来,全球经济持续低迷、国际金融市场波动频繁,如何在防范系统性风险的同时促进经济可持续发展已经成为世界各国的共同诉求。本文发现,建立合理的宏观审慎政策框架是协调两者的重要政策工具。我们考察了宏观审慎政策影响经济发展的理论机制,发现社会融资杠杆率与经济增长之间存在一个“倒U”型关系,而宏观审慎政策可以约束融资杠杆率在合理区间进而促进经济增长。利用110个国家2000—2017年间的宏观审慎政策数据,我们构造出宏观审慎政策综合指数及其分类指数,并实证考察了宏观审慎政策对经济增长的理论预测。结果表明,宏观审慎政策框架从多个维度规范了信贷融资活动,因而可以通过限制社会融资杠杆率,动态调整信贷规模(占GDP的比重),对平衡经济增长和防范系统性风险两个政策目标起核心调节作用。     

社会资本理论与中国经济转型期城市反贫困思路重建

当前中国城市扶贫政策以物质贫困论为基础,以政府行为为主要治理手段,以社会救济为政策核心,因而其扶贫的效果往往不能尽如人意.文章从社会资本理论角度对城市扶贫政策的理论基础、手段和途径进行反思,提出缓解贫困的新思路.     

慢性贫困问题研究动态

贫困问题作为一项世界性研究难题，长期以来一直吸引着经济学家、社会学家、政治学家、人类学家以及其他相关学科学者们的目光。在认识贫困的实质、特征、类型等理论含义和思想框架的同时，有关贫困研究的方法也在创新。目前较流行的方法包括我们所知道的森的能力与自由分析、脆弱性分析以及社会排斥方法，等等。本文所要介绍的慢性贫困研究，是在继承既往贫困思想的基础上，更多地从贫困的长期性、动态性、代际传递性和衡量贫困模型的创新性方面深化对贫困问题的研究。     

经济增长、收入分配与贫困规模变动相关性研究--来自北京市城市居民的经验数据

文章详细讨论了经济增长、不平等与贫困规模变动的相互关系,在确立三者关系基本框架的基础上,构造了应用Lorenz曲线及其相应弹性分析三者关系的理论模型,并提出了亲贫困增长指数的概念。在对北京城市居民的经验数据进行分析的基础之上得到的结论是:政府制定扶贫政策的选择应该使收入增长效应与收入不平等效应之和最大化,这为制定扶贫政策提供了决策依据。     

转型时期我国多维度贫困测算及其分解

采用Watts多维度贫困指数,从收入、知识和健康三个维度对我国转型时期多维度贫困进行测算,并进行夏普里分解的测算结果表明,1990-2003年我国多维度贫困出现大幅度下降,其中,收入贫困下降最多,健康贫困下降最少。另外,在整体义务教育水平提高的同时,部分人口教育年限却在下降,说明教育发展很不均衡。运用多维度方法测算贫困,便于人们识别贫困人口在不同维度上遭受的痛苦,并为政策制订者制订更具针对性的差异化和组合式反贫困政策提供依据,提高反贫困政策的瞄准效率。     

高校贫困资助政策中学生的机会主义行为分析及对策

高校贫困资助政策是促进高等教育公平的一种手段,而贫困资助政策的有效落实,是当前资助政策执行过程中遇到的现实难题.本文拟从资助过程中学生的机会主义行为视角出发,研究如何使国家的资助政策在现有的制度框架下更为有效,从而使各种资助资源更好地发挥其资源配置和教育保障的作用.     

The social welfare implications, decomposability, and geometry of the Sen family of poverty indices

In this paper, we propose a unified framework for the Sen indices of poverty intensity that shows an explicit connection between the indices and the common underlying social evaluation function. We also identify the common multiplicative decomposition of the indices that allows simple and similar geometric interpretations and easy numerical computation. JEL Classification: C000, H000, O150
Implications en termes de bien-être collectif, décomposabilité et géométrie de la famille d'indices de pauvretéà la Sen . Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs proposent un cadre d'analyse intégré des indices d'intensité de pauvretéà la Sen qui souligne la relation explicite entre ces indices et la fonction sociale d'évaluation commune qui les soustend. Les auteurs identifient aussi la décomposition multiplicative commune de ces indices qui permet d'en donner des interprétations géométriques simples et idoines et de faire des calculs numériques faciles.     

Poverty Intensity in Australia

Even though poverty indices with axiomatically sound properties have been advocated for several decades, most empirical studies of poverty in Australia and elsewhere continue to use the crude, but easily understood, head-count ratio. The difficulty of interpreting the axiomatically more desirable indices is a major reason why their use has been resisted in applied poverty measurement. This paper demonstrates how the more sophisticated poverty indices can be converted into a form that is readily interpreted as a measure of poverty intensity of a group, relative to the population to which the group belongs. The resulting poverty-intensity index is easy to understand and it retains the axiomatic properties of the poverty index on which it is based. We apply the method to Australian data. Poverty measures reported previously in the literature are converted into measures of poverty intensity and interpreted accordingly. We also calculate and interpret some new measures of poverty and poverty intensity using the 1996–97 Income and Housing Costs Survey, Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997). It is hoped our procedure will lead to wider use of poverty indices that are theoretically superior to the head-count ratio.     

The Performance Of A Consumption Augmented Asset Index In Ranking Households And Identifying The Poor

Asset ownership indices are widely used as inexpensive proxies for consumption. We show that these indices can be augmented using dichotomous indicators for consumption, which are equally easy to obtain. Using multiple rounds of Living Standards Measurements Study surveys from Malawi, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Ghana, we construct indices using different item subcategories and perform a meta‐analysis comparing the indices to per capita consumption. The results show that the standard asset indices, derived from durable ownership and housing characteristic indicators, perform well in urban settings. Yet, in rural samples and when identifying the extreme poor, household rankings and poverty classification accuracy can be meaningfully improved by adding indicators of food and semi‐durable consumption. We find small improvement from using national weights in urban samples but no improvement from using alternative construction methods. With most of Africa’s poor concentrated in rural areas, these are important insights.     

Unit-Consistent Poverty Indices

This paper characterizes unit-consistent poverty indices. The unit consistency axiom requires that poverty rankings (not poverty indices) remain unaffected when all incomes and the poverty lines are expressed in different measuring units. We consider two general frameworks of poverty measurement: the semi-individualistic framework that includes all decomposable indices and all rank-based indices; and the Dalton–Hagenaars framework that contains a subset of decomposable indices. Within the semi-individualistic framework, classes of unit-consistent poverty indices can be characterized for different value judgements about poverty measurement. Within the Dalton-Hagenaars framework, unit-consistent poverty indices are completely characterized without invoking any value judgement a priori. I thank Peter Lambert, Mike Hoy, Thesia Garner and an anonymous referee for their very helpful comments and suggestions.     

CALCULATING A PRICE INDEX FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEASURING TRENDS IN CHILD POVERTY RATES

This paper investigates the effects of varying consumption patterns for families with and without children on measured trends in child poverty. We first use data from consumer expenditure surveys to calculate price indices by family type. We next examine the effect of using these group-specific price indices on measured trends in child poverty. Although we find that, all else equal, children increase the cost of living, our calculations indicate that on average families with children experienced relatively lower inflation rates than families without children during the 1968 to 1987 period. While this result suggests that estimates of child poverty rates calculated using an average price index may have over-stated secular increases in child poverty, we find that child poverty rates calculated using a price index specific lo families with children are not substantively different from those calculated using an average index for all families.     

A note on the Bourguignon–Fields class of poverty indices

Current poverty measurement methodology does not allow a definitive analysis of changes in distribution, through time or between countries, which involve changes in the number or proportion of poor people. By revisiting the continuity and transfer axioms, we show that within the Bourguignon and Fields (1997) class of poverty indices a range of value judgements can be accommodated as to what happens (or should happen) in the case that poverty-line crossings result from regressive transfers. In exposing this, we hope to provide empirical analysts with wider scope to use the Bourguignon–Fields poverty indices in an informed way.     

On multidimensional poverty rankings of binary attributes

We address the problem of ranking distributions of attributes in terms of poverty, when the attributes are represented by binary variables. To accomplish this task, we identify a suitable notion of “multidimensional poverty line” and characterize axiomatically the Head-Count and the Attribute-Gap poverty rankings, which are the natural counterparts of the most widely used income poverty indices. Finally, we apply our methodology and compare our empirical results with those obtained with some other well-known poverty measures.     

Measuring lifetime poverty

This paper presents an axiomatic framework for measuring lifetime poverty over multiple periods. For an individual, we argue that lifetime poverty is influenced by both the “snapshot” poverty of each period and the poverty level of the “permanent” lifetime consumption; it is also influenced by how poverty spells are distributed over the lifetime. We axiomatically characterize classes of lifetime poverty indices and derive dominance conditions of poverty orderings for both individual and societal lifetime poverty measurements.     

A Proposal to Compare Consistently the Inequality Among the Poor

A poverty index should be sensitive to the number of poor people, the extent of the shortfall of the poor, and the inequality among the poor. A difficulty arises when inequality among the poor needs to be assessed. The inequality may be analyzed in terms of either incomes or gaps. Depending on what side we focus on, the inequality level comparisons may be contradictory. This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the inequality component involved in the decompositions of well‐known poverty indices. The alternative indices we introduce measure equally the income and gap inequality among the poor. The comparisons in inequality as measured by these indices are then independent of the viewpoint. An empirical application illustrates the proposal.