价格信息成本与价格离中现象

本文在Varian(1980)中引入消费者价格信息成本和信息成本的分布。采用Janssen和Moraga(2000)的对称混合策略均衡定义，同时内生化了消费者的信息行为和厂商的定价行为，确定了Varian(1980)中的知情消费者比例。证明了厂商定价正期望利润均衡的存在性。本文证明了，在不完全价格信息条件下，市场普遍存在知情消费者，从而本文加强了Varian(1980)的结论。     

通货膨胀、信息搜寻成本与价格分散

在人们为了交易动机而持有实际货币余额中,至少有一部分是为了寻找较低价格而产生的对信息搜寻行为的一种投入。在这一假设下,通货膨胀和价格分散之间存在正的相互作用。许多实证研究都支持了这一观点。     

信息选择与经验价格

本从信息经济学的角度，分析了食盐市场，高档汽车市场，彩电市场的价格制定与形成，指出价格围绕价值的波动是该市场的主要参与朴素博弈的结果。价格博弈的实质是信息博弈，谁拥有的私人信息多，谁就能在博弈中取得主动，根据上述分析，提出了“经验价格”，“经验成本”的系列新概念，认为市场价格之和或商品价值与买经验价格之关构成的。经验价格源于买或卖的私人信息，是对其为搜寻信息所付出成本的奖励效用。经验成本则是当事人以当时经验认为的付出。     

信息不对称导致农产品价格波动现象及其后果

我国由于人多地少,农业只能采取分散种植方式,另外,我国农业信息发布机制不健全,这些都造成了农产品种植的信息不对称,而这种信息不对称也造成了近年来农产品价格忽高忽低的过山车现象。这种价格过山车现象使得农产品资源无法得到有效配置,总福利减少,并且可能导致一些农户的道德风险问题以及居民的逆向选择问题。解决这一问题必须依靠法律制度的完善。     

信息成本与企业家的融资决策

在项目的融资过程中,企业家可能面临两种选择:非市场融资与市场融资。尽管信息不对称是非市场融资的主要约束,但是市场融资可以改善彼此的信息结构。文章分析了企业家(内部人)与投资者(外部人)在不同信息结构下的不完全金融合同。分析后发现,投资者可以榨取的信息租与企业家的信息披露成本构成两种融资方式的主要融资成本;而项目所需的外部资本以及资本市场要求的回报率构成了企业家融资决策的决定性元素。事实上,若项目所需的外部资本越高,信息披露成本越低,市场融资要求的回报率越低和信息租越高,则企业家越有可能选择市场融资;反之,企业家可能选择非市场融资。此外,合谋与私人收益的存在也可能影响到企业家的融资决策。     

综述信息披露质量与资本成本之间关系

自20世纪70年代,信息不对称理论开始被运用于公司治理及投资管理领域,许多学者开始关注该理论行为所产生的经济后果,并对此进行了大量的规范性与实证性的研究。在公司治理层面上,该理论使研究信息披露质量与资本成本、企业业绩之间的关系成为当今的热点问题。     

农产品信息对价格波动的影响分析

文章从信息不对称的角度对近年来农产品价格的非正常波动做出解释,说明农产品价格的波动与农民掌握的信息存在必然联系。对目前徐州农村农业信息化建设现状进行调查研究的结果证明了作者的论断,有针对性地提出参考建议：加大政府支持力度,落实基层基础建设;加速信息人才队伍建设,提升农业信息服务能力;联合市场,建立健全非政府组织农业信息服务系统;落实普及宣传,增强农民信息需求意识;以农业产业化为切入点,扩大信息共享。     

信息不对称下的企业最优质量成本的决策研究

尽管费肯堡姆、朱兰提出质量成本概念以来质量成本理论已经有了很大的发展,但以往质量成本理论的研究对象多局限于质量成本的控制方面,很少涉及作为经济活动基础的企业在生产过程中的质量决策活动。本文在总结质量成本理论最新研究成果的基础上,提出信息不对称情况下企业最优质量成本决策模型,并进行了相关的研究。     

自愿性信息披露对企业资本成本的影响

随着沪港通正式启动,我国资本市场迈出国际化重要一步,新常态下迎来新机遇的同时,也面临竞争更加激烈的市场环境和新的挑战.然而,随着资本市场日趋复杂,上市公司的强制性信息披露已不能更加全面详细的说明公司的经营状况,无法满足投资者的需求.上市公司的资本成本与自愿性信息披露有着紧密联系.格力电器为研究对象,实证分析其近几年自愿性信息披露的变化对资本成本的影响,提出政策建议.     

信息商品盗版现象的经济学分析与对策

一、信息商品和信息商品盗版现象 1.信息商品。美国信息产业经济学家瓦里安(Hal R.Varian)认为:所谓的“信息商品”,是指能够被数字化的东西,包括书籍、电脑软件、录音、电话通讯等等。同时,他认为信息商品数字化是一种趋势,随着技术进步和经济发展,非数字化     

INFORMATION AND PRICE DISPERSION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

Limited information is the key element generating price dispersion in models of homogeneous-goods markets. We show that the global relationship between information and price dispersion is an inverse-U shape. We test this mechanism for the retail gasoline market using a new measure of information based on commuter data from Austria. Commuters sample gasoline prices on their commuting route, providing us with spatial variation in the share of informed consumers. Our empirical estimates are in line with the theoretical predictions. We also quantify how information affects average prices paid and the distribution of surplus in the gasoline market.     

INCOME DISPERSION AND PRICE DISCRIMINATION

Abstract.  This paper analyses the effects of inter-market and intra-market income heterogeneities on output and social welfare under uniform pricing and differential pricing regimes by considering a finite number of markets. We first derive the linear demand curve in each market under plausible conditions, and then show that more markets (and consumers) are excluded under uniform pricing the higher are the inter-market income differences. We also show that adding markets, even of lower income levels than those of existing markets, helps to decrease prices and thus cause more markets to be served. Implications of intra-market income dispersion are also explored.     

电子商务市场价格离散度的收敛分析

本文运用信息不对称理论和随机鞅理论分别从基于可得信息集和完全信息集这两个角度深入地探讨了资本市场的信息有效性与资源配置最优性和次优性。在理性预期和交易成本为零的假定下,其基本结论有四:一是资本市场(条件)有效等价于事后帕累托最优,资本市场完全有效等价于事前帕累托最优;二是资本市场事后帕累托最优的充要条件是信息强对称;三是资本市场事前帕累托最优的充要条件是信息强对称和信息强完全;四是不满足信息强对称的资本市场一般只能实现事后帕累托次优,而不同时满足信息强对称和信息强完全的资本市场一般只能实现事前帕累托次优。最后,根据上述观点提出了实现资本市场完全有效或事前帕累托最优的对策建议。     

PRICE DISPERSION,INFLATION, AND WELFARE*

We examine the implications of inflation for both price dispersion and welfare in a monetary search economy. In our economy, if the degree of buyers' incomplete information about prices is fixed, both price dispersion and real prices are increasing in inflation. As the inflation rate approaches the Friedman rule, both price dispersion and welfare losses vanish. If households choose the number of prices to observe, then the optimal inflation rate may exceed the Friedman rule as inflation induces search and, up to a point, raises welfare by eroding market power.     

CONSUMER SEARCH,PRICE DISPERSION,AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIVE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS*

This article develops a model of consumer search consistent with the evidence of substantial price dispersion and time spent shopping within countries to study international deviations from the law of one price (LOP) and relative price fluctuations. Search frictions lead firms to price discriminate across markets based on the opportunity cost of search, which depends on the local wage. With productivity and taste shocks estimated from the data, deviations from the LOP are as volatile and persistent as in the data. Fluctuations in relative wages, real exchange rates, and the terms of trade are also consistent with the data.     

新股价格制定及市场反应中的会计信息分析

上市公司新股发行定价及其价格波动与公司提供的会计信息密切相关。在股票发行定价市场化改革的进程中,券商、一级市场投资者、二级市场投资者对会计信息的反应是有差异的。     

RENT DISSIPATION AND THE SOCIAL COST OF PRICE POLICY

This paper uses a general equilibrium-based exchange economy model to examine rent seeking for a price policy. Opposing interests spend resources to influence the government's choice of a price vector. Rents, the willingness to pay for the policy, are determined endogenously from the Nash equilibirum of a non-cooperative game. Numerical simulations explore the degree to which rents are dissipated by wasteful rent seeking. It is found that dissipation, measured as the ratio of rent-seeking costs to rents garnered, can grow without limit, and is greatest when opponents are evenly matched. Dissipation is smallest with widely disparate groups, a result that might help explain the underdissipation that seems to occur in many industries.     

THE MORPHOLOGY OF PRICE DISPERSION

This article is a study of the shape and structure of the distribution of prices at which an identical good is sold in a given market and time period. We find that the typical price distribution is symmetric and leptokurtic, with a standard deviation between 19% and 36%. Only 10% of the variance of prices is due to variation in the expensiveness of the stores at which a good is sold, whereas the remaining 90% is due, in approximately equal parts, to differences in the average price of a good across equally expensive stores and to differences in the price of a good across transactions at the same store. We show that the distribution of prices that households pay for the same bundle of goods is approximately Normal, with a standard deviation between 9% and 14%. Half of this dispersion is due to differences in the expensiveness of the stores where households shop, whereas the other half is mostly due to differences in households' choices of which goods to purchase at which stores. We find that households with fewer employed members pay lower prices and do so by visiting a larger number of stores instead of by shopping more frequently.