Overvaluation of the Real Exchange Rate and Export-related Loans in Korea

This paper discusses exchange rates, finance for exports and plant and equipment investment for export industries in Korea. The real effective exchange rate of the won was substantially overvalued in 1991 using 1985 as the base year. In addition, the amount of low interest export loans has dropped substantially since 1987. These factors are some of the most important reasons for the sluggish growth of Korean exports in recent years.     

Test of the Response of the Overnight Rate to the Real Exchange Rate: The Case of Korea,Hong Kong,and Singapore

Abstract

For Korea, the overnight rate responds positively to the inflation rate, the output gap, the lagged real exchange rate, and the lagged overnight rate and negatively to the current real exchange rate. For Hong Kong, the overnight rate reacts positively to the inflation rate and the lagged overnight rate and does not react to other variables. For Singapore, the overnight rate is affected positively by the output gap and the lagged overnight rate and is not influenced by other variables. Hence, interest rate rules for some industrialized countries may not apply to Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.     

Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest with Financial Gaps: The Cases of Japan and South Korea

We estimate “finance-adjusted” trend growth and natural rates of Japan and South Korea by extending a semi-structural model of (Laubach and Williams, 2003). Consistent with international evidence of the advanced economies, both trend growth and natural rates of interest of Japan and South Korea have been declining over the past, suggesting the important role of global factors. However, the declining patterns of Japan and South Korea are far steeper during the past 25 years. When considering domestic and global financial factors, trend growth and natural rate of South Korea are more affected by foreign financial factor while the role of domestic financial factor is more pronounced for Japanese economy.     

中国的利率和汇率问题

2005年全球经济面临失衡,一方面是美国巨额的贸易赤字,一方面是发展中国家积累了大量的贸易顺差,尤其是中国持续的双顺差.全球经济失衡,中国经济也不平衡,那么中国自身不平衡的问题到底在哪里?宏观经济政策,尤其是利率、汇率政策该如何尽可能化解失衡带来的风险?     

利率结构、利率变化和利率政策的有效性

长期以来,人们一直在致力于寻找一套能够完全解释利率结构和变化的理论,但至今仍未能统一人们对利率的认识。基于利率理论演变的简要回顾,重点对中西方利率政策有效性的研究现状进行系统梳理,以期对我国利率政策有效性的理论研究和实践工作提供一些借鉴。     

股票换手率与收益率关系研究

收益率是衡量股票价格水平的重要标准之一,也是投资者在选择股票时所需考虑的重要因素。本文选取创业板上的701只股票2017年的财务数据,将换手率作为解释变量,选择流通市值、流通股比率和净资产收益率作为控制变量,建立线性回归模型。检验其对个股收益率的影响,以及是否存在流动性溢价、规模效应。最后,基于模型回归分析的结果,提出一些政策建议和参考。     

汇率制度改革与人民币汇率联动的特征研究

文章以2000年1月4日至2015年12月31日为样本期间,运用基于多元互相关方法的汇率联动网络模型,分析人民币与全球52个主要货币的汇率联动关系。结果表明:第一,全球汇率波动存在以美元、人民币、丹麦克朗为主,新元、林吉特、瑞士法郎等货币为辅的汇率联动板块;第二,汇率联动以人民币、美元等货币为核心的板块联动溢出效应最为显著,且板块内货币之间有明显地理临近的联动特性;第三,以人民币为核心货币的汇率联动关系具有持续的稳定性,这有利于形成人民币汇率市场化改革的稳定预期。     

名义汇率与均衡汇率的偏离及其调整

本文通过评析当前有关人民币汇率取向的争论及其依据，认为人民币名义汇率应当依据均衡汇率的变动进行调整。通过改进Edwards(1989)的模型，本文建立了一般均衡的分析框架，发现实际汇率存在一条均衡路径，内生变量和外生变量的波动能够引起均衡汇率的变动。然后结合中国的数据利用汇率的误差修正模型估算了均衡汇率，结论是人民币名义汇率存在低估。在当前升值压力巨大的背景下，出于外汇制度改革的战略性考虑，应适当的让人民币名义汇率升值。     

Understanding the NGO revolution in Korea

Using institution‐building theory from the school of neoliberalism, the paper examines the role of leadership and institutional bargaining in moving the “10+3” regional cooperation framework forward. The core argument developed here is that close cooperation between Japan and China is key to the future of “10+3”, and ASEAN states and South Korea should utilize the “10+3” platform for bringing Japan and China together. Finally, some ASEAN states’ fear that a more integrated East Asia will mean the withdrawal of U.S. presence in the region is very remote.     

“三元悖论”与人民币汇率制度选择

“三元悖论”从宏观上揭示货币政策独立性、汇率稳定、资本自由流动三大金融目标之间的相互制衡关系, 是汇率制度选择问题的一个基本理论分析工具。我国现行的汇率制度实质上是钉住美元的固定汇率制,在金融进一步开放的背景下,其弊端日益凸现,改革现行的汇率制度势在必行。我国现实经济条件决定了我国汇率制度改革的近期目标只能是建立汇率目标区,长期目标则是建立浮动汇率制。     

Vertical Trade,Exchange Rate Pass-Through,and the Exchange Rate Regime

We compare the welfare of different combinations of monetary and currency policies in an open-economy macroeconomic model that incorporates two important features of many small open economies: a high level of vertical international trade and a high degree of exchange rate pass-through. In this environment, a small economy prefers a fixed exchange rate regime over a flexible regime, while the larger economy prefers a flexible exchange rate regime. There are two main causes underlying our results. First, in the presence of sticky prices, relative prices adjust through changes in the exchange rate. Multiple stages of production and trade make it more difficult for one exchange rate to balance the whole economy by adjusting several relative prices simultaneously throughout the vertical chain of production and trade. More specifically, there is a tradeoff between delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign final goods and delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign intermediate goods. Second, because the small economy faces a high degree of exchange rate pass-through under a flexible regime, it suffers from a lack of efficient relative prices in vertical trade. The larger economy, however, does not face this problem because its level of exchange rate pass-through is low.     

Economic growth and equity in the Republic of Korea

This paper presents a specific country case study of the relation between growth and equity. The study takes account of structural characteristics as well as government policies that have been used in the Republic of Korea. The first section reviews trends in employment and income distribution in the Republic of Korea during the last 10–15 years. It is seen as a country which has been quite successful in combining rapid growth with improved equity, and employment is considered the most important factor in this success. The second section discusses emerging problems which might effect equity in the Republic of Korea in the next decade and considers policies which might be required to deal with them.     

青岛和韩国之间的贸易博弈分析

中韩自建交以来经贸合作获得了长足发展,青岛作为中国对外贸易的前沿城市,与韩国有着较密切的贸易关系。但青韩贸易还存在着一些制约因素,如贸易不平衡,贸易摩擦等问题。因为人类的活动总是受资源稀缺性的制约,所以某一个经济主体的行为在有限的利益分配中对其他经济主体的行为及其预期产生影响,他们也以其他经济主体的预期为基础选择自己的行为策略,这种相互选择策略的过程形成“博弈”。本文就是针对如何进一步深化青韩经贸合作,运用博弈的理论进行的深入研究。     

Industrial policies in Taiwan and Korea

Zusammenfassung Industriepolitik in Taiwan und Korea. — Der Verfasser untersucht in dem vorliegenden Aufsatz die Industriepolitik in Taiwan und Korea w?hrend der sechziger Jahre. Er er?rtert die Gründe, die in diesen L?ndern für die Durchführung einer nach auΒen gerichteten (outward-looking) Entwicklungspolitik sprechen, und diskutiert die Methoden bei der Durchführung dieser Strategie. AnschlieΒend prüft er die Auswirkungen dieser Politik auf Export und Wachstum und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Ausfuhr und Wirtschaftswachstum. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Exportleistung, dem Wachstum und der Struktur des industriellen Sektors gewidmet. AbschlieΒend analysiert der Verfasser die gegenw?rtigen Probleme und die Zukunftsaussichten der beiden Volkswirtschaften und berücksichtigt dabei die Anwendbarkeit einer nach auΒen gerichteten Entwicklungsstrategie auch für andere Entwicklungsl?nder.

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Résumé Politique industrielle en Taiwan et Corée. — Dans cet article l’auteur examine la politique industrielle du Ta?wan et de la Corée pendant la septième décade de notre siècle. Il explique pourquoi il faudrait, dans ces pays, adopter une politique de développement orientée vers l’extérieur (outward-looking strategy), et il discute les méthodes d’exécuter une telle stratégie. Puis, il examine les effets qu’elle produirait sur l’exportation et sur l’accroissement économique, en examinant aussi la relation entre ces deux. Il s’occupe spécialement du secteur industriel, c’est à dire, de ses exportations, son accroissement et sa structure. Finalement, l’auteur analyse les problèmes actuels et les perspectives des économies nationales du Ta?wan et de la Corée, tout en considérant l’applicabilité à d’autres pays d’une telle politique de développement orientée vers l’extérieur.

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Resumen Política de industrialization en Taiwán y Corea. — El autor analiza en el présente artículo la política de industrialización en Taiwán y Corea del Sur durante los a?os sesenta. Examina los factores que aconsejan a estos países la adopción de una politica de desarrollo hacia fuera (outward-looking) y discute los métodos de aplicación de esta estrategia. A continuación analiza las repercusiones de esta política en la exportatión y el crecimiento económico y los efectos recíprocos entre exportatión y desarrollo, prestando especial atención a la capacidad exportadora, al crecimiento y a la estructura del sector industrial. Finalmente, el autor analiza los problemas actuales y las perspectivas de ambas economías y discute las posibilidades de adoptar la estrategia mencionada en otros paises en vías de desarrollo.

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Riassunto Politica industriale in Taiwan e Corea. — L’autore, nel presente articolo, esamina la politica industriale in Taiwan e Corea durante gli anni sessanta. Egli esamina i motivi che in questi Paesi parlano per l’attuazione di una politica di sviluppo rivolta verso l’esterno (outward-looking) e discute i metodi nell’attuazione di questa strategia. Nello stesso tempo egli studia le ripercussioni di questa politica su esportazione e crescita e gli effetti di cambio tra esportazione e crescita economica. Speciale attenzione è dedicata inoltre al rendimento delle esportazioni, alla crescita ed alla struttura del settore industriale. Infine l’autore analizza i problemi attuali e le prospettive per il futuro di entrambe le economie e tiene conto inoltre della applicabilità di una strategia di sviluppo rivolta verso l’esterno anche per altri Paesi in sviluppo.

     

Restructuring of financial institutions and the corporate sector in Korea

This paper explores causes of the Korean currency crisis which started in November 1997. This paper also presents restructuring proposals and introduces the progress made so far. The urgency for quick restructuring and the necessity of the injection of money from both the government and foreign investors are emphasized. Restructuring of financial and corporate sectors should be pursued simultaneously. In the financial sector, the restructuring of banks should take precedence over other financial institutions. The key task in terms of bank restructuring involves the resolution of bad loans, recapitalization and the expedited reorganization of nonviable banks. Corporate reform is also important. Banks should play a central role in corporate workouts, especially in lowering excessive corporate debt and triggering corporate restructuring based on core competence. Transparency of corporate management, internationally accepted accounting practices, fuller disclosure requirements and stronger monitoring by minority shareholders are prerequisites for effective market discipline. Reform of ownership and governance structure are also important in enhancing managerial accountability of corporates as well as financial institutions.     

朝鲜的经济变化与中国的作用

在朝鲜经济变化过程中，中国发挥着重要作用。中国对朝鲜的无偿援助、贸易和投资为朝鲜经济发展提供动力；中国成功的改革开放模式为朝鲜提供参考与借鉴；中朝韩三国区域合作既有利于实施东北振兴战略，又可以消除韩国对中朝经济合作的担心和竞争心理，更可以促进朝鲜经济开放，减弱朝鲜对体制安全的忧虑，并逐渐引导朝鲜融入东北亚区域经济合作之中。     

加息：破解“劫贫济富”的负利率

10月19日晚7点,中国人民银行宣布,自2010年10月20日起上调金融机构人民币存贷款基准利率。一年期存款基准利率上调0.25个百分点,由现行的2.25%提高到2.50%;一年期贷款基准利率则由现行的5.31%提高到5.56%。     

汇率分析范式转换与人民币汇率问题研究

以购买力平价理论为代表的传统汇率理论认为均衡汇率是合理的汇率水平,汇率政策应当围绕均衡汇率来制订,这种分析范式具有局限性。本文指出汇率分析应当贴近现实,应当更关注汇率变动的影响而不是“合理、均衡”的汇率水平。均衡汇率并不存在,围绕影响外汇市场供求的因素展开的市场汇率分析更为有效。文章强调汇率决定权是国家主权的一部分,人民币汇率政策由我国根据国家利益,独立自主自行决定,有管理的浮动汇率制度是中国较为现实的汇率制度选择。     

The Behavior of the Real Exchange Rate Under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Regimes

This article investigates the behavior of real exchange rates under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Using data from both the Bretton Woods and the modern floating periods, we decompose real exchange rate movements into components attributable to supply shocks, real demand shocks, monetary shocks, capital flows shocks, and real oil price shocks. Empirical results show that real demand shocks are an important source of real exchange rate movements under both fixed and flexible rates, while monetary shocks are negligible. Supply and oil price shocks seem to be more important under Bretton Woods, while capital flows shocks seem to explain a relatively higher proportion of real exchange rate movements under the modern floating period.