Modelling real-time online information needs: A new research approach for complex consumer behaviour

Abstract

A major challenge for online vendor website operations is serving information that meets visitor needs at a given point in their purchase process. The problem arises from the complexity of human behaviour, as well as changing needs with the evolution of consumer knowledge and skills through the purchase process. The most difficult element, however, is determining the effects of information provided on the site, as well as from other sources that the consumer may access, and anticipating resulting consumer needs. This paper discusses the contributions and limitations of current modelling techniques and utility studies of online consumer information to model consumer needs in real time. An alternative basis for real-time customer need appraisal is proposed using clickstream and customer input data combined with online information utility to enable more effective information serving. This requires further academic research and changes in practitioner online marketing operations.     

基于消费者购买决策过程的出版社网络营销策略研究

本文以消费者行为研究为基础,分析了出版社网络营销的现状,构建了网络消费者购买决策过程模型,通过对网络消费者购买出版社产品与服务六个阶段影响因素与存在问题的调查,制定出相应的网络营销策略。     

Interactive music for multisensory e-commerce: The moderating role of online consumer involvement in experiential value,cognitive value,and purchase intention

Background music adds a multisensory element to marketing and e-commerce. Applying interactive sensory-enabling technologies (SETs) to online shopping websites is an area of interest in sensory marketing. This research examines interactive background music in e-commerce and investigates how online consumer involvement moderates the effects of interactive music. Single-factor experiments with three conditions (interactive music, static background music, and control) were conducted to investigate its impact on experiential value, cognitive value, and purchase intention of high- and low-involvement consumers among both students (Study 1, N = 251) and nonstudent samples (Study 2, N = 218). Different music genres were applied to stimuli of the two studies to demonstrate the generalizability of the findings. Results find that interactive music enhances the experiential value of e-commerce for low-involvement consumers. By contrast, high-involvement consumers show greater purchase intention under the interactive music condition due to a heightened level of perceived cognitive value. Involvement is an effective predictor of elaboration and purchase intention under the interactive music condition, but not under the other two conditions. The contribution is twofold: (a) it shows the impact of music as an interactive SET and, (b) demonstrates the moderating role of consumer involvement in the context of multisensory integration in e-commerce. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed along with limitations and directions for future research.     

The effect of web interface features on consumer online purchase intentions

Corporations spend millions of dollars a year creating and maintaining corporate websites, yet many of these sites fail to reach the organization's goals [Freemantle D. The psychology of crm. Int J Cust Relatsh Manag 2002; http://www.superboss.co.uk/articles2main.htm]. Recent research suggests that these failures reflect poor website design, yet this research lacks the specificity necessary to provide practical recommendations for improving site performance [Rosen EE, Purinton E. Website design: viewing the web as a cognitive landscape. J Bus Res 2004; 57:787-94]. This study fills that gap by providing specific recommendations regarding website design elements that generate positive managerial outcomes. First, the study tests a wide range of design elements to determine those that provide human elements and computer elements. Next, these elements are linked through intermediaries using the uses and gratifications theory, technology acceptance model, and the concept of flow to explain purchase intentions and intentions to revisit the site.     

Store environment and consumer purchase behavior: Mediating role of consumer emotions

This article presents a large-scale cross-sectional field study of the effect of store environment on consumer emotions and the resulting influence on aspects of consumer behavior with actual shopping behavior used as an example. Cast into a stimulus–organism–response framework, the results suggest that a consumer's emotions can be a mediating factor in the purchase process. In this study, we identify and explore how store environment and emotional states may influence various dimensions of purchase behavior. This research confirms that although cognitive factors may largely account for store selection and for most planned purchases within the store, the environment in the store and the emotional state of consumers may be important determinants of purchase behavior. This research has many pragmatic applications, because pleasure was associated with the amount of money spent and affinity for the store, whereas arousal was associated with money spent in the store, time spent in the store, and the number of items purchased in the store. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Toward an integrated framework for online consumer behavior and decision making process: A review

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent empirical studies dealing with online consumer behavior and decision‐making processes. To that end, the paper adapts and extends Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell's ( 1978 ) and Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard's ( 1986 ) decision‐making model as backdrop in the review of the literature. The vast majority of studies examine the link between external factors and one or more components of the decision‐making process. The findings of this study show a paucity of research on a number of components of decision making, as well as inconsistencies in the way the online environment is characterized. Finally, the findings show that student samples are prevalent among the studies identified and the research method is biased toward the survey method as opposed to experimentation. Discussion and conclusions are provided, and directions for future research are presented. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Impact of different types of in-store displays on consumer purchase behavior

Research on consumer in-store shopping behavior does not account for the existence of different types of display locations (e.g. storefront, store rear, secondary, front end cap, rear end cap, and shelf displays). This article focuses on accounting for and understanding the impact of various displays on consumer purchase behavior based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory. Specifically, we study how displays closer to and farther from the main location of the focal category influence consumer purchase behavior. Furthermore, within the different types of displays we investigate the impact of specific types of displays on consumer's category purchase and brand choice and the moderating role of price and discounts. A hierarchical Bayesian model is estimated using scanner panel data for a large U.S. grocery chain that contains unique information on the number of product facings at multiple display locations within a store. We find that displays closer to the focal category have a larger impact, with front end cap displays having the largest impact on category purchase and shelf displays having the largest impact on brand choice. We also demonstrate the synergistic impact of price and discounts in enhancing the impact of displays on consumer purchase behavior and brand choice. Equipped with these findings we propose a display allocation optimization that results in an average increase in revenue of about 11.15% and a strategy to distribute displays across all locations in the store rather than letting one location dominate.     

Role of electronic word-of-mouth content and valence in influencing online purchase behavior

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) becomes an important tool for online consumers for evaluating and selecting a product. Extant research has mainly studied how various eWOM characteristics such as valence, volume, and text-based eWOM content affect purchase behavior. This study, for the first time, has explored the role of mixed neutral WOM valence and rich eWOM content on online purchase intention. Initially, the qualitative analysis method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with experts-cum-online shoppers from different fields. Purposive sampling was used to select 14 experts and online shoppers from diverse fields. Inductive analysis was conducted to analyze the interview generated content. It helped in forming various codes and categories in explaining eWOM constructs. Content analysis was also used to analyze the importance of various factors in key constructs (themes) affecting online behavior. The finding from the content analysis confirmed that both mixed neutral eWOM and rich eWOM content positively affects online purchase intention. This study has also explored how insights derived from the content analysis of valence and content can help marketers to develop an online marketing strategy. Research implications and future research directions have been discussed in this paper.     

Understanding the online consumer: A typology of online relational norms and behavior

Relational norms governing Web-based interaction provide the basis for a typology of relationship orientation manifested by consumers online. Clustering techniques are applied to survey data collected online to identify four groups: Transactional Community Members, Socializers, Personal Connectors, and Lurkers. Cluster assignment is validated by examination of segment means, under volitional versus constraint-based marketing contexts. Relational profiles are developed, differentiated by the strength of relational norms and exhibited interactive behavior. Results suggest investment in community-building infrastructure (i.e., chat rooms, bulletin boards, interactive events), has a positive effect on the future loyalty intentions of highly relational patrons. Implications and future research directions are discussed.     

Exploring consumer purchase intentions and behavior of buying ayurveda products using SOBC framework

The research intended to study the consumer's buying behaviour of Ayurveda products by examining factors that influence consumer's buying decision. Stimuli-Organism-Behaviour-Consequence (SOBC) framework was deployed to test 1316 responses collected using a structured questionnaire. Analysis was performed using CB-SEM method while demographic variables were used as moderator. The four dimensions used in the study, including Stimuli (Health consciousness, Product attribute); Organism (Product availability. Ethnocentrism and Environmental and Sustainability Orientation); Behaviour (Customer beliefs and Purchase intention) and Consequence (Buying behaviour) were found to hold positive association as hypothesized. House-hold income and educational qualification moderated the relationship between organisms and behaviour as well as behaviour and consequence. SOBC model is unique in context of traditional/culture oriented products. The constructs incorporated in the SOBC model provides novelty to the study. Inclusion of Ethnocentrism and Product Availability as Organism have not been examined in the previous studies. The study adds to current literature on consumer behaviour specifically in the context of traditional products. Identifying Health Consciousness in the context of generic Ayurveda products with a unique set of variables contributes to the literature.The identification of stimuli causing behaviour such as health consciousness and product attribute and organisms that influence behavioural response including product availability ethnocentrism as well as environmental and sustainability orientation provide consumer insights to marketers and firms dealing in traditional products. The perspective on consumer beliefs provide directions of policy formulation to governments.     

Information needs for consumer protection planning

The paper discusses alternative research programs designed to help consumer agencies to better meet their needs of factual information on which to base their evaluation of present programs and their setting of priorities for the future.In the main, it concludes that data on consumer problems and consumer complaining behavior in particular can help policymakers in individual countries to make short-run decisions about where and to what extent they should concentrate protection activities under present structures and procedures. Similar data in several countries can further help a policymaker to decide whether in the longer run his or her country should adopt the more effective structures and procedures of another country.Data from an EEC consumer survey and from a study of perceived problems and complaint behavior among U.S. consumers are used as illustrations of the paper's theses.

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Informationen, die für die Planung von verbraucherpolitischen Maßnabmen erforderlich sind

Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt unterschiedliche methodische Ansätze zur Erarbeitung der Datengrundlage, die zur Evaluierung laufender Maßnahmen der Verbraucherpolitik und für die Schwerpunktsetzung bei der künftigen Entwicklung solcher Maßnahmen notwendig ist.Neben der Erforschung beispielsweise von Konzentrationsentwicklungen, der Wirkung von Werbemaßnahmen, des Informationsverhaltens von Konsumenten oder der Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Produkten, wird die Erforschung von Verbraucherproblemen, ihren Ursachen und ihres Ausmaßes, für besonders wichtig gehalten. Entsprechende Daten sich nicht nur für kurzfristige, sondern auch für längerfristige verbraucherpolitische Entscheidungen von Bedeutung. Dazu ist es zweckmäßig, wenn Forschungsergebnisse aus verschiedenen Ländern zusammengetragen und international vergleichende Studien durchgeführt werden.Gegenüber der Erhebung von Indikatoren für generelle Unzufriedenheiten mit globalen Güter- oder Dienstleistungskategorien wird der Erforschung von konkreten Anlässen von Verbraucherproblemen der Vorzug gegeben, vor allem weil Angaben über solche konkreten Anlässe weniger stark von schwer zu kontrollierenden externen Einflußfaktoren abhängig sind als Äußerungen über generelle Unzufriedenheiten. Dabei kommt der dirketen Befragung von größeren Verbraucherstichproben wegen ihrer höheren Repräsentativität mehr Bedeutung zu als der Analyse von gesammelten Unterlagen über Reklamationsfälle.Der Beitrag illustriert seine Thesen anhand zweier empirischer Untersuchungen. Die erste ist eine international vergleichende Studie von Verbraucherzufriedenheit und Verbraucherbeschwerden in den Mitgliedsländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft. Tabelle 1 zeigt die entsprechenden Prozentzahlen aufgeschlüsselt nach diesen Ländern. Die zweite Studie wurde in den USA durchgeführt. Untersuchungsgegenstand waren Verbraucherprobleme und Verbraucherbeschwerden bei 34 Güter- und Dienstleistungsgruppen. Tabelle 2 zeigt für einige davon den Anteil von Käufen, die zu Problemen führten, an der Gesamtzahl der Käufe, ferner davon wiederum den Anteil derer, die zu Reklamationen führten, und schließlich davon wiederum den Anteil derer, die zu einem befriedigenden Ergebnis führten.

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Alan R. Andreasen is Professor of Business Administration and Research Professor, Survey Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois, 306 Commerce West, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A. Jean Manning is a marketing consultant in Chicago, Illinois. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for the 8th Annual Meeting of the European Academy for Advanced Research in Marketing while Andreasen and Manning were working at the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management, Brussels, Belgium.     

Understanding the omnichannel customer journey: The effect of online and offline channel interactivity on consumer value co-creation behavior

Building on the service dominant logic, this study explores the effect of online and offline channel interactivity on consumers’ value co-creation behavior (VCB), the mediating effect of brand involvement, and the moderating effect of cross-channel consistency (CCC). We surveyed 387 customers who engage in omnichannel shopping. The relationship between online and offline channel interactivity and VCB was positive and partially mediated by brand involvement. The interaction effect of online channel interactivity (ONI) and offline channel interactivity (OFI) had a negative effect on brand involvement when CCC was low but a non-significant positive effect when CCC was high. These findings enrich the theoretical understanding of value co-creation and provide insights into omnichannel management.     

Culture, product type, and price influences on consumer purchase intention to buy personalized products online

With personalization, consumers can choose from various product attributes and a customized product is assembled based on their preferences. Marketers often offer personalization on websites. This paper investigates consumer purchase intentions toward personalized products in an online selling situation.The research builds and tests three hypotheses: (1) intention to purchase personalized products will be affected by individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity dimensions of a national culture; (2) consumers will be more likely to buy personalized search products than experience products; and (3) intention to buy a personalized product will not be influenced by price premiums up to some level. Results indicate that individualism is the only culture dimension to have a significant effect on purchase intention. Product type and individualism by price interaction also have a significant effect, whereas price does not. Major findings and implications are discussed.     

The effect of negative online customer reviews on brand equity and purchase intention of consumer electronics in South Africa

This study investigated the effect that negative online customer reviews have on brand equity and purchase intention. This research examined the influence of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on brand equity, as influenced by customer review quality, product involvement and source credibility. A 3 (high quality review versus low quality review versus no review) × 2 (high product involvement versus low product involvement) factorial experiment with 236 respondents was conducted. The results revealed that the presence of negative eWOM has a significant detrimental effect on brand equity and purchase intention. Furthermore, the effect of negative online customer reviews is more detrimental to the brand equity of a high involvement product than a low involvement product. The results also revealed that high quality reviews are more influential than low quality reviews with respect to brand equity, and the difference between the levels of eWOM source credibility has no significant effect on brand equity.     

The impact of blockchain technology on the online purchase behavior of green agricultural products

The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the types of trust and their impact mechanisms in the application of blockchain technology for green agricultural products. A mixed research approach was used in this study. First, qualitative in-depth interviews with consumers were conducted to identify the technological path (blockchain technology), and the information disclosure path (environmental information of green agricultural products) that affect consumer trust. Two types of consumer trust were also identified, namely, cognitive trust in blockchain technology (digital trust), and instantaneous trust in blockchain technology disclosure information (swift trust), both of which play a role in influencing consumers’ immediate purchase. Then, based on the interview results, a theoretical model for this study was developed by combining signal theory and trust transfer theory. Through a quantitative survey, 474 valid data were collected to empirically examine the role of consumer blockchain technology experience and environmental information transparency perceived on digital trust and swift trust, and the role of both types of trust on impulse buying. The results show that consumer blockchain technology experience can significantly and positively affect the environmental information transparency perceived. And both have a positive effect on digital trust and swift trust. Also both trusts have a significant effect on impulse buying. Further mediating effects confirm the environmental information transparency perceived as an important intrinsic mechanism by which the blockchain technology experience influences consumer trust. The results of this study add an empirical basis for the role of blockchain technology. It also provides a reference for technology adoption by related companies.     

The informational value of multi-attribute online consumer reviews: A text mining approach

In the digital age, customers use online reviews to minimize the risks associated with purchasing a product. Major online retailers help customers choose the right product by exposing reviews that received many “helpful” votes at the top of the review section. Given that reviews that have received the maximum helpfulness votes are considered more important in purchase decisions, understanding determinants of helpfulness votes offers clear benefits to online retailers and review platforms. This study focuses on the effect of review informativeness, which is measured by the number of attributes discussed in a review, and its interplay of review valence on customers' perception of review helpfulness. We applied a word-level bigram analysis to derive product attributes from review text and examined the influence of the number of attributes on the review's helpfulness votes. More importantly, we also suggested the moderating role of review valence. Estimation results of the Zero-inflated Poisson models on 21,125 reviews across 14 wireless earbuds indicated that as more attributes are discussed in a review, the more the review can earn helpfulness votes from customers. Furthermore, the positive association between the number of attributes and helpfulness was enhanced among negative reviews. This study contributes to customers' information processing literature and offers guidelines to online retailers in designing a better decision support system.     

航空产品的消费行为调查

中国航空运输业近年来发展迅速，国外各大航空公司逐渐进入试图分割这场这块蛋糕，国内航空公司也在积极拓展市场，开辟更多新航线，民营航空风生水起。享受着更多的折扣机票和更优质的服务，然而，航空消费者的群体有着怎样的特征，他们对航空业的现状又满意吗？     

A proposed model of online consumer behavior: Assessing the role of gender

This research examined the influence of Internet experience and web atmospherics on consumer online behavior. It developed a model of web navigation behavior where these antecedent variables drove website exploratory behavior and website involvement, which in turn, drove site attitudes and pre-purchase evaluations. These relationships were tested and confirmed in the context of a pharmaceutical website. Further, men and women differed in web navigation behavior, with men engaging in less exploratory behavior and developing less website involvement than women. However, across the two sexes, entertainment, challenge, and effectiveness of information content were the key drivers of website attitudes. The findings provide several guidelines for online communication strategy.     

Impact of perceived value on the online purchase intention of base of the pyramid consumers

Despite the voluminous purchasing power of the consumers at the base of the pyramid (BOP), substantial research has not been carried out on their online buying behaviour. This study investigates the factors that trigger the online shopping intention of BOP consumers. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 52 BOP respondents from India. Our thematic analysis indicates four perceived benefits and five sacrifices influencing BOP consumers' perceived value for online purchases, subsequently determining their adoption behaviour. As a novel contribution to the literature, this study unfolds several unknown factors that motivate/demotivate BOP consumers to buy online using the Value-based Adoption Model (VAM). The findings of this study will help e-commerce marketers enhance BOP consumers' usage intention toward online purchases.     

Checkout button and online consumer impulse-buying behavior in social commerce: A trust transfer perspective

To enhance social media users' shopping experiences, social media platforms launched an online shopping feature – the checkout button –allowing users to browse new products, examine items via multiple photos and videos, and purchase items without leaving the platform. Yet, few studies have examined the impacts of the ‘checkout button’ on social commerce users' perceptions and impulse-buying behaviors. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the impact of the ‘checkout button’ on consumers' trust and impulse-buying behavior based on the trust transfer theory, as well as how the impact will differ based on social factors and brand familiarity in social commerce. This study provides valuable insights into social commerce. Checkout within Instagram does not facilitate impulse-buying behavior, but brand familiarity and social factors influence consumer trust and impulse-buying intention. This indicates that well-known brands might be more suitable for social commerce. Furthermore, active social interaction is conducive to impulse-buying intentions in social commerce.