Migration to U.S. frontier cities and job opportunity, 1860–1880

I use a new sample of families linked between the 1860 and 1880 U.S. censuses to study the impact of migration to frontier cities on job holding. Using variation in transportation costs between different regions of the country to generate exogenous migration, I find frontier city migration had significant job-holding benefits. The impact of migration on job holding was 68% greater for immigrants than for the native born. Expectations about job holding were the most important factor in the decision to migrate to a frontier city. Clerical workers, unskilled blue-collar workers, immigrants, and the poor were also the most likely to migrate. These results show the benefits of geographic mobility and suggest the contribution of frontier cities to economic opportunity in America's past.     

Patterns of industrial specialisation in post-Unification Italy

This paper investigates the main patterns of industrial specialisation in Italian provinces over half a century following the Unification of the country. To this end, we propose a multivariate graphical technique named dynamic specialisation biplot. In 1871, specialisation vocations towards the different manufacturing sectors were limited in size and no clear geographical clustering emerged. A regional specialisation divide resulted instead clearly in 1911. In 1871 as in 1911, the foodstuffs, textile and engineering sectors represented the three pillars delimiting the arena of the specialisation race. Within that arena, the effect of public policies on the temporal evolution of provincial specialisation is considered. The adoption of free trade in the early 1860s affected noticeably the industrial specialisation of a few Neapolitan provinces. The subsequent protectionist measures altered the specialisation trajectories of selected northern provinces, largely attracted by the textile sector during the 1880s, and by the rapidly growing engineering sector in the pre-First World War decade. Within and between regional homogeneity and smooth specialisation, trajectories are instead representative of most of the remaining provinces. Among them, southern provinces exhibit specialisation paths revealing that little more than a composition effect occurred among manufacturing sectors.     

Post-apartheid urban geography: A case study of Greater Johannesburg's Rapid Land Development Programme

This article addresses the twin issues of urbanisation and the eradication of the socio-spatial patterns of apartheid in South African cities through the presentation of a case study – the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council's Rapid Land Development Programme (RLDP), initiated in 1995. This has been one of the few housing delivery programmes in the country since 1994 which has attempted to address these two issues simultaneously (the Marconi Beam Development in Cape Town being another). The significance of the RLDP lies not only in its marginal success, but also in its failures. It brought to the surface the intractable ideologies and vested interests behind the patterns of property ownership in South African cities, as well as the lack of policies or procedures to challenge them. As a result, urban development in general, and in Greater Johannesburg in particular has, since 1994, reinforced rather than confronted apartheid geography.     

中西部工业园区产业发展思考——例析南宁高新区

我国中西部工业园区的发展水平与东部工业园区相比还存在较大差距。中西部工业园区应通过对自身发展实际的分析,借鉴东部工业园区的先进理念,确立园区重点经营目标,加强园区建设,扩大产业规模,从而促进园区经济的发展。     

Market integration and market efficiency: The case of 19th century Italy

This paper examines market integration in Italy in the 19th century, focusing on wheat. Wheat prices converged well before political Unification (1859-1861) but the process halted during the 1860s only to resume in the 1870s and 1880s. The first wave of integration was caused mainly by improvements in market efficiency while the second wave owed much to a reduction in transport costs.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ALLY, R. Gold and Empire. The Bank Of England and South African Gold Producers 1880–1926 J.S. Jones SOHO, T. Japan and Africa .
SONO, T. From the East: Lessons from Taiwan for South Africa D J J. Botha.
ALLY, R. Gold and Empire . The Bank Of England and South African Gold Producers 1880–1926.     

产业集群与中西部地区发展产业集群的政府作为

当前产业集群日益成为提升产业与区域竞争力的重要方式.打造中西部地区的产业集群成为推动产业优化升级,实现跨越式发展及拉动区域经济发展的重要动力,政府的引导和扶持则是中西部地区发展产业集群的巨大推动力量.     

NEW ESTIMATES OF AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC BORROWING AND CAPITAL RAISED IN LONDON, 1849–1914

Current statistics of Australian public borrowing to 1914 suffer from several limits. On the basis of a comprehensive revision, an upward bias is shown in all the alternative time series of London borrowing, while statistics of local bond issues are derived for the first time. The new time series show the importance of the initial borrowing cycle during the 1850s and 1860s; the scale of debt repatriation from the mid-1890s; the interaction between domestic and overseas borrowing before the 1880s; and the potential significance of remittance as an 'invisible stabiliser' of the exchanges and alternative indirect source of capital imports.     

东北三省工业绿色发展水平评价与时空演化分析

从经济社会效益、资源利用效率、污染排放强度、污染治理水平4个方面对东北三省地级及以上城市2010—2019年工业绿色发展水平进行评价,揭示工业绿色发展水平时空演变特征。研究表明：工业绿色发展水平总体呈缓慢提升的趋势,主要依赖经济社会效益、资源利用效率和污染排放强度的改善;工业绿色发展水平提升幅度呈现吉林省＞辽宁省＞黑龙江省的分布态势,资源型城市工业绿色发展水平持续低于非资源型城市;工业绿色发展水平差异呈下降的趋势,省域内差异是影响工业绿色发展水平内部差异的主要因素,各研究单元工业经济社会效益差距最为明显;各研究单元工业绿色发展水平仍处于调整重构期,多数研究单元排名波动较为明显,仅少数核心城市和沿海城市形成了较为稳定的竞争优势。     

Infant mortality decline in rural and urban Bavaria: fertility,economic transformation,infant care,and inequality in Bavaria and Munich, 1825–1910†

During most of the nineteenth century, Bavaria was notorious for infant mortality rates that were among the highest in Europe. After 1870, infant mortality in Bavaria began a sustained decline. This decline, which was impressive in urban areas, was even more dramatic in Bavaria's capital, Munich. From a peak of 40 deaths per 100 births in the 1860s, infant mortality had fallen two‐thirds by 1914. This article examines the causes of infant mortality in rural and urban districts of Bavaria from 1880 to 1910 and in Munich from 1825 up to shortly before the First World War. In rural Bavaria, structural change in agriculture lowered infant mortality, even as stark differences in infant survival driven by income gaps and deficient infant care remained. In urban areas, high fertility was strongly associated with high infant mortality. Individual‐level data from Munich reveal that infant care, fertility, and incomes mattered. Even prior to industrialization, occupational status influenced infant survival. Munich's growth into a leading industrial centre after 1875 apparently widened the gap between rich and poor. Families at the top of the occupational distribution and couples able to acquire real property saw the steepest declines in infant mortality. The poorest one‐third without property saw little improvement.     

中国经济韧性的南北差异及形成机理

文章运用熵权TOPSIS法测度1997-2020年中国经济韧性综合指数及分维度指数,借助Dagum基尼系数分解探究南北方经济韧性的区域差异以及差异来源,运用二次指派程序实证考察经济韧性南北区域差异的形成机理。研究发现:(1)经济韧性总体水平虽不高但呈现波动中缓慢增长趋势,结构韧性和创新韧性指数低于经济韧性综合指数,是经济韧性提高的短板;南方地区经济韧性综合指数、规模韧性指数、结构韧性指数、创新韧性指数、开放韧性指数均高于北方地区,而制度韧性指数和社会韧性指数均低于北方地区。(2)经济韧性综合指数空间差异整体呈缩小趋势;区域间差异是经济韧性空间差异的主要来源。(3)创新韧性差异和开放韧性差异是南方地区经济韧性差异形成的主要原因;结构韧性差异和制度韧性差异是北方地区经济韧性差异形成的主要原因;创新韧性差异、规模韧性差异以及开放韧性差异对经济韧性差异的作用强度由北向南增强,而结构韧性差异、社会韧性差异和制度韧性差异对经济韧性差异的作用强度由北向南减弱。研究创新:基于规模韧性、结构韧性、创新韧性、开放韧性、制度韧性和社会韧性六大维度构建经济韧性综合评价指标体系,并对其空间差异及形成机理进行探讨分析。文章丰富了经济韧性评价体系的构建,为揭示我国经济韧性南北的区域差异现状、探索协同发展路径提供重要借鉴。     

上海与苏南旅游资源整合开发的战略思考

推动苏南与上海旅游资源的整合开发,有利于苏南和上海共享2010年世博会的重大机遇,发展现代服务经济,推动产业结构升级。为此,苏南和上海要确立资源整合,同城开发;旅游拉动、效益共享的指导思想,采取联手开发旅游项目、打造旅游联动服务平台等举措,进一步提升旅游产业的能级和活力。     

Reviews

Gervase Rosser, Medieval Westminster, 1200-1540 Michael Aston, David Austin, and Christopher Dyer, eds., The rural settlements of medieval England Mark Bailey, A marginal economy? Peter Earle, The making of the English middle class Christine MacLeod, Inventing the industrial revolution C.W. Chalklin and J.R. Wordie, eds., Town and countryside G.E. Mingay, ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vi, 1750-1850 R.A. Buchanan, The engineers Charles More, The industrial age T.M. Devine and Rosalind Mitchison, eds., People and society in Scotland, I, 7760-1830 Anne Digby, British welfare policy Patrick Brantlinger, ed., Energy and entropy John Benson, The working class in Britain, 1850-1939 Patricia Hollis, Ladies elect A.M. McBriar, An Edwardian mixed doubles. The Bosanquets versus the Webbs A.D.M. Phillips, The underdrawing of farmland in England during the nineteenth century Charles F. Harvey and Jon Press, eds., Studies in the business history of Bristol S. Fisher, ed., Innovations in shipping and trade Laurie Dennett, Slaughter and May Penny Summerfield, Women workers in the Second World War David Thorns, War, industry and society Alec Cairncross, ed., The Robert Hall diaries, 1947-1953 Henry Pelling, Britain and the Marshall Plan John Walter and Roger Schofield Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch primacy in world trade, 1585-1740 Herbert Kisch, From domestic nwnufacture to industrial revolution Richard Lawton, ed., The rise and fall of great cities Ian Blanchard, Russia's age of silver Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, civil war William M. Mathew, Edmund Ruffin and the crisis of slavery in the old south Harvey A. Levenstein, Revolution at the table Mira Wilkins, The history of foreign investment in the United States to 1914 Gary Gerstle, Working-class Americanism Erick D. Langer, Economic change and rural resistance in southern Bolivia, 1880-1930 Colin Newbury, The diamond ring T. Dyson, ed., India's historical demography     

区位熵视角下唐山产业结构分析

通过综述改革开放以来唐山产业结构的演变历程,采用区位熵分析,对唐山产业结构进行实证研究,确定唐山的优势产业和技术优势。依据产业结构调整理论,提出唐山产业结构调整的对策建议,对资源型城市产业转型提供一些借鉴。     

西安经济圈承接东部地区产业转移研究

中国经济飞速发展,城市化速度加快,除原有的长三角、珠三角以及京津唐城市群之外,中西部地区也在不断崛起,新兴的城市群不断出现,如关中—天水城市群、西安经济圈等。然而,这些中西部地区城市群的发展,需要依靠当地产业的不断进步与发展。文章以西安经济圈为例,分析中西部地区承接东部地区产业转移的可行性和必要性,从而为中国发展中西部地区提供相应的意见及建议。     

基于利益主体理论的苏南五市旅游合作系统研究

区域旅游合作是发展旅游业的重要手段,旅游合作发展涉及到多方面利益,如何协调各方的利益,让合作各方都能主动参与和有效配合,确保区域旅游合作的有效性和稳定性,仍是亟待解决的难题。本文从利益主体理论出发对苏南五市区域旅游合作系统进行了研究,提出了该系统简化为地方政府、旅游产业部门、非营利组织和个人等4个子系统,每个子系统都包括若干个具体利益主体,分析了每个子系统中的利益主体不同的关注点;最后就加强苏南区域旅游合作提出了相关的政策建议。     

供给侧改革视角下我国中西部地区县域产业选择研究——以安徽省五河县为例

县域经济的强弱直接影响国民经济的兴衰和全面建成小康社会的目标。中西部地区县域产业健康发展直接影响和决定了县域经济是否具有可持续性。基于供给侧视角提出选择县域产业选择的基准及其培育的方向,认为产业选择具有内在逻辑,产业培育的方向更应该侧重于形成区域产业特色,同时中西部产业选择要立足于县域资源禀赋发挥和新的资源禀赋获取。     

基于SSM的无锡市能源消费结构研究

无锡市地处苏南用能负荷中心，系统全面地分析其能源消费结构，对江苏省其他城市以及全省而言采取有效节能措施具有重要的参考价值与现实意义。在分析无锡能源消费现状基础上，运用偏离份额模型，对无锡市2000-2016年工业能源消费量、2007-2016年苏南地区能源消费以及2006-2015年无锡制造业能源消费结构进行实证分析。结果发现：无锡市近几年在能源消费总量与能源利用率上取得一定成效，但仍存在消费量继续增加、部分行业消费结构不合理等问题。     

东北资源型城市产业结构优化升级的对策研究

在国家一系列政策支持及自身努力下,东北资源型城市转型取得了一定的成效。资源型城市的兴衰与资源型产业的发展态势息息相关,资源的枯竭必然影响城市的发展,甚至使城市衰竭。因此,实现产业结构优化升级是东北资源型城市实现区域经济可持续发展的必要途径。资源型城市的产业结构优化升级应该立足于资源优势、提高产业的转换力和应变力,积极发展生态经济产业。     

Saint Paul, Minnesota: Excesses of the growth coalition and the rise of the alternative growth coalition

The City of Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the Upper Midwest region of the United States along the Mississippi River, provides an excellent example of the excesses of the growth coalition. It is also a good example of the creation of an alternative growth coalition of neighbourhood-based organisations seeking to ensure that growth benefits those in most economic need.

Like most American cities in the Eastern and Midwestern parts of the United States that grew up as manufacturing centres, Saint Paul experienced some decline in recent decades as its suburban areas grew. Changes in the economy of the country from manufacturing to service sectors and the common inability of central cities to compete with retail shopping centres in the suburban areas left Saint Paul with some areas of vacant land and distressed buildings.