Ethics in regulation

This paper was given as the opening address at the 13th Annual European Business Ethics Network Conference' held in Cambridge 12–14 September 2000. The Chairman of the Financial Services Authority, Howard Davies, first outlined the background to the present approach to financial regulation in the UK. He described the principle‐based regulatory regime which is now in the process of being implemented, and the role of rules, regulations and guidelines in making this effective. However, compliance is not sufficient; for the system to work there needs to be an ethical culture at the level of the organisation, and a commitment to integrity on the part of those who work in the sector. The Financial Services Authority aims to work with the industry to build individual and corporate responsibility.     

Sweden's regulation of consumer affairs

Journal of Consumer Policy -     

自由贸易区的国际规则

本文中的“自由贸易区”概念涵盖特别（自由）经济区、免税（外国）贸易区、出口加工区、企业区以及其他类似区域。     

The counter-effects of market regulation

Regulation can have counter-effects that work against the interests of those who advocate it, in both centrally-planned and market economies. Little research on these effects has been carried out so far, with the result that they have been ignored by policymakers.     

The empirics of banking regulation

This paper empirically assesses whether banking regulation is effective at preventing banking crises. We use a monthly index of banking system fragility, which captures almost every source of risk in the banking system, to estimate the effect of regulatory measures (entry restriction, reserve requirement, deposit insurance, and capital adequacy requirement) on banking stability in the context of a Markov-switching model. Our methodology is less prone to selection and simultaneity bias which are common in this type of study. We apply this method to the Indonesian banking system, which has been subject to several regulatory changes over the last couple of decades, and at the same time, has experienced a severe systemic crisis. We draw the following findings from this research: (i) entry restriction reduces crisis duration as well as the probability of such an occurrence; (ii) larger reserve requirements reduce crisis duration, but increase banking instability; (iii) deposit insurance increases banking system stability and reduces crisis duration; (vi) capital adequacy requirement improves stability and reduces the expected duration of banking crises. Finally, we find that previous studies present a negative simultaneity bias for deposit insurance and a negative selection bias for capital adequacy requirement. We can infer from these findings that any relevant assessment of the impact of a regulation, which has been introduced during the recent period of banking instability, should account for simultaneity.     

Problems of industrial costing

“Managerial technology” is as important as “medium”, “labour-intensive” and other technology in the LDCs. This article describes the situation and some of the problems in the field of industrial costing, giving suggestions for solutions and exemplifying with research results obtained in Brazil.     

Problems of rural development

Bangladesh is handicapped by very unfavourable natural conditions, inter alia extreme floods and droughts, an unfavourable pattern of farm sizes and the consequences of rising oil prices. For these reasons agricultural production lagged behind the planned targets in the first two years of the First Five Year Plan (1973–78). In the third year of the Plan the situation seems to have somewhat changed for the better. If this is not only due to accidental factors like favourable weather conditions but also a consequence of the present Government’s serious efforts, there may be a glimmer of hope for the country.     

Problems of Stakeholder Theory

Stakeholder theory diverts attention from creating business success to concentrating on who share its fruits. But what right have stakeholders to make the claims they do? Perhaps a new model is needed. T.F.J. Ambler is Grand Metropolitan Senior Research Fellow at London Business School, Sussex Place, Regent's Park, London NW1 4SA, where Andrea Wilson completed her MBA in 1993. She is now a consultant in New York.     

A market-level model of relationship regulation

This research examines the moderating effects public policy has on relationship strength in a relationship marketing context. Prior research suggests that many positive outcomes emerge from forming inter-firm relationships, yet few examine potential negative outcomes such as anti-competitive behavior. This paper examines what happens to both positive and negative outcomes, when close inter-firm relationships are regulated directly by public policy. It is found that regulations intended to protect consumers and small retailers from anti-competitive behavior are effective in reducing the negative outcomes of such behavior, yet they simultaneously have an unintended effect of dampening the positive outcomes that close inter-firm relationships provide.     

The high cost of government regulation

Some government controls over business are costly to consumers and produce adverse side effects. Other methods of achieving important national objectives should be developed.     

大型水利工程的生态调度探讨

随着社会的发展和进步,生态的管理和可持续发展问题成为了人们关注的热点问题.水利工程的建设和管理过程中,不容忽视的一点就是对生态的调度和管理,做好关于生态调度方方面面的工作.本文就从水利工程的生态调度管理问题出发,并结合相关的水利工程建设和发展问题进行相应的探讨,以供大家交流与参考.     

刺激消费需求的几个问题

本文认为总需求不足的重要原因是消费需求不足,并且从消费倾向、消费方式、社会保障、价格、利率、收入等六个方面,论述了如何启动消费需求的问题,尢其是对2000年我国在启动消费需求中的消费政策提出了有益的建议,具有很强的可操作性。     

Four T Problems

The devastating Sichuan earth- quake is recently estimated to have indirectly caused RMB 30 billion to 60 billion in damage and the total economic losses could be as high as RMB 105 billion to 190 billion,and it will also slow the growth of the nation＇s economy by 0.15 to 0.2 percentage points during the second to fourth quarter of the year, according to the Southwest Securities research and development center.     

Four T Problems

The devastating Sichuan earth- quake is recently estimated to have indirectly caused RMB 30 billion to 60 billion in damage and the total economic losses could be as high as RMB 105 billion to 190 billion,and it will also slow the growth of the nation's