Labour Demand, Wage Mark-ups and Product Market Integration

Globalization makes it easier to relocate production and thus employment across countries. Therefore, it is often asserted that labour demand becomes more elastic, causing wage mark-ups to fall and thus erode the effective market power of trade unions. We explore this issue in a general equilibrium model where the elasticity of labour demand is endogenized and related to the facility by which production can be relocated across countries. Wages and employment increase unambiguously as a result of product market integration, but it is ambiguous whether wage mark-ups decrease or increase. A numerical illustration suggests that the elasticity effect – even when the wage mark-up falls – is of second order relative to the gains from trade.      

Economic Integration and Economic Growth with Science-Pushed Industrial Innovation

Because the returns to successful industrial research generally enjoy a larger scale economy than that to successful scientific research, this paper shows that while economic integration increases R&D employment, it may not raise the rate of long-run economic growth owing to the shift of resources from basic scientific research to applied industrial research. In the long run, the pool of opportunity created by the former ultimately regulates the efficiency of the latter. The model also suggests a reduced incentive to subsidize basic research as a second factor that may contribute to slower technological progress after economic integration.     

面向产品创新的界面管理集成

自从集成思想被引入到产品创新领域以后,界面问题已成为影响产品创新成败的关键问题。现行的界面管理理论忽视了信息技术对界面管理的作用,采用基于离散线性的思想化整为零研究界面问题,提出了一体化整合的界面管理集成方法。结合信息技术大发展提出了产品集成创新的两阶段发展模式,为产品集成创新研究提供了新的思路。     

中国金融产品创新中的信息需求——基于美国次贷危机视角

美国次贷危机对中国金融产品创新的启示主要在于:金融产品创新不能脱离市场实际需求、投资者的实际需求和现实服务技术水平.中国金融产品创新中信息需求的要求是,提高信息敏感程度,提高与投资者关系的互动能力,提高金融产品创新能力.     

Skill Composition,Fertility, and Economic Growth

While high fertility persists in the poorest countries and fertility declines with per capita income in developing countries, fertility and per capita income are now positively associated across most developed countries. This paper presents a model where a U‐shaped relationship between overall fertility and per capita income reflects within country differences in workforce skill composition and household choice of occupation, fertility, and childrearing. The fraction of skilled workers rises with economic growth. By allowing for both differences in the fertility of skilled and unskilled workers and purchased childrearing inputs, we explain a poverty trap with high fertility, fertility decline with economic development, and the possible reversal of fertility decline in a developed economy where most workers are skilled.     

Employment Effects of Product and Process Innovation in Europe

This paper develops a model of the employment impact of innovation considering, on the one hand, the interactions with demand and labour costs and, on the other, the variety of patterns of technological change. Different technological strategies are considered. First, a search for technological competitiveness is based on product innovation and productivity rooted in quality advantages; second a strategy of active price competitiveness has productivity growth rooted in process innovation-based restructuring; third a passive price competitiveness strategy is pursued by non-innovators relying on cost-cutting. The new European innovation database drawn from the Community Innovation Survey 1994-96, merged with structural and macroeconomic data 1994-99 drawn from the OECD are analysed at a sectoral level across eight European countries: Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Finland, the UK, and Sweden. The innovation survey data provide information on several quantitative and qualitative aspects of firms' innovative activities. A comparison of the results from the first (1990-92) and second (1994-96) Community innovation survey data is also carried out. The results show that, in the last decade, technological change has had a major impact on employment in manufacturing industry, associated with the dominance of an active price competitiveness strategy.     

协同创新、区域一体化与创新绩效

协同创新是区域协同发展的内在动力。运用2002-2014年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大区域省际或各地市数据,应用复合系统协同度模型与数据包络法度量协同创新度和创新绩效,构建了协同创新对创新绩效影响的计量模型;应用空间计量技术对区域一体化与创新绩效的关系进行分析。结果表明,除珠三角外,长三角和京津冀协同创新活动对创新绩效无显著影响;区域一体化程度越高,区域内部创新绩效分布越均衡;“企业自身投入”与“政府资助”等内生要素是促进区域一体化和提升创新绩效的主要动力。因此,应促进区域内部生产要素自由、合理流动,实现创新资源有效溢出,提升区域发展内生动力,加深区域一体化程度,提高创新效率。     

在垄断市场中产品创新和过程创新的投资最优化分析

运用比较静态法,通过对比分析单独投资产品创新、单独投资过程创新和同时投资产品创新和过程创新3种情形,发现在垄断市场中产品创新和过程创新具有互补性——同时投资两种创新时的投资收益水平最优。据此得出结论:对产品创新和过程创新应该实行整合管理。     

Product Market Integration,Rents and Wage Inequality

Globalization in the form of product market integration affects labor markets and produces winners and losers. While there are aggregate gains, it is in general ambiguous how inequality is affected. We explore this issue in a Ricardian model and show that it depends on the balance between “protection” and “specialization” rents. In particular, wage inequality among similar workers (residual wage inequality) may be U ‐shaped, at first decreasing and then increasing in the process of product market integration. Consequently, there may be gains in both the efficiency and the equity dimension until integration reaches a certain level at which a trade‐off arises.     

Relative Wealth, Consumption Taxation, and Economic Growth

This paper examines the role of the relative wealth-induced status motive in affecting the neutrality of consumption taxation in an optimizing growth model. It is found that a key factor determining the validity of the neutrality of consumption taxation in both the level sense and the growth rate sense is the desire for relative wealth-induced social status. When individuals care about their relative wealth, a rise in consumption tax enhances the steady-state level of capital stock and consumption. Furthermore, if the production function takes a linear technology form as the engine of sustained growth, then increases in consumption taxation raise the economy's long-run growth rate. In addition, an optimal consumption tax policy provides full subsidies to consumption so as to induce the economy to achieve the social optimum and the optimal growth rate.     

生物制药创新失败的挽救过程 ——偶然事件、社会资本与整合能力

运用多维度的数据来源构造案例,通过典型案例剖析发现,转化科学家是生物制药创新失败挽救的动力来源,挽救过程包括价值暴露、能力吸纳、路径转换和常规创新4个主要阶段,在挽救过程中发挥关键推动作用的因素主要是幸运的偶然事件、特定性社会资本和整合能力,创新主体对挽救过程具有权变调节作用.在此基础上提炼升华得到技术创新失败挽救的过程模型,并对企业挽救技术创新失败项目提出管理启示.     

复杂产品系统创新过程管理研究

复杂产品系统(CoPS)创新管理是一个新的创新管理范畴,正受到越来越多的重视。综合客户、用户、集成商、供货商的视角,构建了复杂产品系统创新过程管理框架,指出组织界面、集成管理、项目学习是复杂产品系统创新管理的3个重要方面,阐述了相应的管理策略,并结合相应案例进行了验证分析。     

收入差距、有效需求与自主创新

文章利用中国地区层面的面板数据,实证检验了收入差距与自主创新之间的关系。研究发现,收入差距与中国自主创新呈倒"U"形关系,收入差距既可以通过扩大创新产品的需求规模促进国家或地区的技术创新,又可以通过抑制消费结构升级最终阻碍国家或地区技术创新能力的提升;收入差距对技术创新的影响存在显著的区域差异性,在东部和中部地区其影响显著为正,而在西部地区其影响为负但不显著;当前,我国大部分地区的城乡收入比均处于倒"U"形曲线的上升阶段,对这些地区而言,适当的收入差距促进了其自主创新能力的提升。     

教育、创新与经济增长

由于知识的非竞争性,基于R&D的内生增长模型存在规模效应,即人口数量越大,从事R&D的人员越多,经济增长率越快。本文将R&D人员创新活动的有效时间引入知识的积累方程———“点子”生产函数,发现OECD国家科学家和工程师数量增加伴随着R&D人员创新活动的有效时间的减少,二者相互抵消,使得TFP增长率保持不变。通过校准理论模型,本文模拟了49个国家的经济增长率,发现模型对经济增长率跨国数据的解释能力明显强于Lucas模型和Romer模型。如果利用模型对跨国经济增长率的模拟值与真实值之间的残差平方和来评判模型的优劣,则本文模型对Lucas模型和Romer模型至少分别改进了20%和59%。     

Fiscal Policy,Economic Integration and Unemployment

In this paper fiscal policy is examined for an open economy characterized by unemployment due to efficiency wages. We allow for capital and firm mobility in a model where the government chooses the level of wage, source-based capital and profit taxation. The taxing choices of governments are analyzed in scenarios which differ with respect to the constraints imposed on the set of available taxes and on the mobility of firms. As a general result, the welfare loss from labor market imperfections increases when tax bases become internationally mobile, which suggests an increasing relevance of domestic labor-market reforms when tax bases become global.     

产品创新和工艺创新的路径选择--来自一个钢铁公司技术创新的研究

对W公司创新类型选择作了案例分析。新产品的开发和工艺创新通常沿着“靠近”以前成功的路行进；企业选择创新类型沿着纵向一体化轨迹是因为上游产品供给不确定性作用以及下游厂商对信息的需要；企业进行重大工艺创新必须具有较强创新能力；创新与市场竞争和企业产品竞争状况有关。产品创新与渐进性工艺创新成功率高；企业融资能力是影响创新时间、频率及其创新成功与否的一个极为重要的因素。     

Economic Integration,Growth and Income Distribution

This paper constructs a two‐sector growth model with heterogeneous labour, to explore the impact of the economic integration on growth and income distribution. There are two sectors in each country, including the consumption‐good sector and the R&D sector. We suppose that the R&D sector produces new blueprints or ideas for these innovations, and hence provides the engine of growth. Assume that the talent's distribution of workers is the uniform distribution. We show that the economic integration will stimulate the developing countries' economic growth and then decrease its income inequality. In addition, we also demonstrate that if the growth rate of the advanced country rises after the integration, then income inequality of that will increase, and vice versa.     

城乡一体化进程中社会管理模式创新

现阶段我国总体上已进入构建城乡经济社会发展一体化的新时期,如何应对新形势和新挑战、探索适应和推动城乡发展一体化的新的社会管理模式是当前一项紧迫任务。历史告诉我们,任何一种社会管理模式,必须充分考虑当时经济社会发展的实际。现阶段的社会管理研究必须以当前的社会发展大背景为依托,清醒地分析国情,理性审视当前社会管理的背景特点,针对我国城乡一体化发展和社会转型的客观要求较为系统地提出社会管理模式创新策略。     

技术集成下模块化产品创新实现路径研究

为探究本土企业如何实现模块化产品创新并借以突破“低端锁定”，以190家本土企业数据为样本，运用多元回归方法，分析技术集成能力对模块化产品创新的影响以及利用式学习、探索式学习、模块可降解性的调节效应。实证结果表明，技术集成能力对不同层次模块化产品创新即模块创新和架构创新都有显著直接影响；探索式学习在技术集成能力对两类模块化产品创新的影响路径中均存在显著正向调节作用；利用式学习在技术集成能力对模块创新的影响路径中存在显著正向调节作用，但是对架构创新的影响有限；模块可降解性在企业技术集成能力与两类产品创新中均存在显著正向调节作用。     

协同创新环境下的客户知识共享绩效预测模型

为科学地预测协同产品创新过程中客户的知识共享绩效,提出了基于减聚类-模糊神经网络的客户知识共享绩效预测模型,构建了协同创新环境下的客户知识共享绩效评价指标体系;运用模糊减聚类法对网络规则进行了处理,减少了神经网络规则的数目,以免参数膨胀导致网络难以训练。最后,通过算例验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。