Human Capital Accumulation In the Middle-Income Country and World Trade*

I construct a dynamic three-country model of trade and growth in which a worker determines how long he takes training. the path of human capital accumulation of a worker is analyzed. I consider the case in which per capita human capital grows in the middle-income country while it stagnates in the high-income and low-income countries. Effects of the middle-income country's growth are studied.     

美国的贸易逆差

一、美国贸易逆差的特点１．贸易逆差与其经济波动紧密相关。大体上是经济增长快，经济表现强劲的年份，贸易逆差就大；而经济增长缓慢，甚至负增长的年份，贸易逆差就小。１９９９年美国贸易逆差达到２６５０亿美元，较１９９１年增加了２３４３亿美元（１９９１年美国贸易逆差为３０７亿美元），而在此期间，美国经济持续增长，GDP增长率由１９９１年的３．２％增至１９９９年的５．６％。２．贸易逆差占GDP的比重逐渐增大。由于美国的经济总量大，虽然贸易逆差的绝对额在有的年份很大，但是相对于国内生产总值来说还是较小，绝大多数…     

Trade Policy and Poverty In the United States: Theory and Evidence, 1947-1990*

This paper develops a two-sector general equilibrium model to examine the impact of technical progress, factor accumulation, labor growth, unemployment, trade policy, and the government's antipoverty programs on the rate of poverty. the results are then tested empirically using the data regarding the United States. We find that low unemployment, productivity growth, and government transfers have the expected effects of alleviating poverty; but trade liberalization has the unexpected effect of being associated with a major increase in poverty-a result contradicting traditional views.     

Price Index Convergence Among United States Cities*

We study the dynamics of price indices for major U.S. cities using panel econometric methods and find that relative price levels among cities mean revert at an exceptionally slow rate. In a panel of 19 cities from 1918 to 1995, we estimate the half‐life of convergence to be approximately nine years. The surprisingly slow rate of convergence can be explained by a combination of the presence of transportation costs, differential speeds of adjustment to small and large shocks, and the inclusion of nontraded goods prices in the overall price index.     

美国贸易壁垒浅析

作为世界经济与贸易大国，美国在倡导贸易投资自由化、相对开放本国市场的同时，实施一整套严格的旨在保护本国企业利益的进口管理体制和相关贸易投资措施，涉及关税、非关税措施、技术性贸易壁垒、服务贸易、知识产权等诸多领域。对美国贸易壁垒的研究有助于我辩证地把握全球化趋势，应对加入世界贸易组织的挑战，扩大机遇。     

Metaphor of the United States in No Country for Old Men

《老无所依》是科马克·麦卡锡继边疆三部曲之后创作的又一部西部小说.据其改编的同名电影也受到了广泛的认可.大部分国内外对《老无所依》的小说以及电影的研究忽略了麦卡锡对美国形象的隐喻以及对911恐怖袭击之后人类命运的担忧.本论文将《老无所依》放到后911时代美国的社会和政治语境下,以影片中三个主要人物来反映作家对美国的隐喻.最终得出结论:《老无所依》反映了后911背景下麦卡锡对当代美国社会的矛盾态度.     

我国加工贸易面临营销战略的转变

加工贸易在我国获得迅速发展,已占半壁江山,随之而来的批评也日渐增多,主要集中在加工贸易的科技含量少,附加值低、对国内外产业带动力弱,容易引起贸易摩擦等方面。加工贸易在我国长期存在具有必然性,为了提高加工贸易的水平及争取合理的利益分配,提出向中间产品延伸、向营销环节延伸等五种建议。     

The World Trade Organization

This new feature seeks to provide regular reports on the current activities and thinking of key agents of contemporary global governance. The reports will thus range over major global organisations, major civil society actors and major corporate institutions. Our thinking in initiating this feature is that, whilst the need to understand the role of such players in global governance is obvious and pressing, the task is actually difficult, in some cases because the sheer range of material available on the web is so great as to make the prospect of absorption forbidding, in other cases because of the reverse, namely, the notable lack of publicly available material. These Global Monitor reports should at least providea factual basis from which subsequent analysis and debate can flow.     

Trade creation and trade diversion in the Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement

In this paper the changes in trade patterns introduced by the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement are examined. Variation in the extent of tariff liberalization under the agreement is used to identify the impact of tariff liberalization on the growth of trade both with member countries and non-member countries. Data at the commodity level are used, and the results indicate that the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement had substantial trade creation effects, with little evidence of trade diversion. JEL Classification: F13, F14
Création de commerce et diversion de commerce dans l'Accord de libre-échange Canada-U.S. Ce mémoire examine les changements dans les patterns de commerce international engendrés par l'Accord de libre-échange entre la Canada et les Etats-Unis. La variation dans l'intensité de libéralisation tarifaire selon les secteurs dans l'Accord est utilisée pour identifier l'impact de la libéralisation tarifaire sur la croissance du commerce à la fois entre les pays membres et avec les pays non-membres. A l'aide de données par produits, on montre que l'Accord a eu des effets substantiels de création de commerce mais qu'il n'y a pas lieu de croire qu'il y a eu beaucoup de diversion de commerce.     

The United States as a Coastal Nation

US economic activity is overwhelmingly concentrated at its ocean and Great Lakes coasts, reflecting a large contribution from coastal proximity to productivity and quality of life. Extensively controlling for correlated natural attributes and initial conditions decisively rejects that the coastal concentration of economic activity is spurious or just derives from historical forces long since dissipated. Measuring proximity based on coastal attributes that contribute to either productivity or quality of life, but not to both, suggests that the coastal concentration derives primarily from a productivity effect but also, increasingly, from a quality of life effect.     

Why is China a Reluctant Leader of the World Trade Organization?

ABSTRACT

China has drawn massive benefits via expanded trade since it acceded to the WTO in 2001. We might therefore reasonably expect it to have taken a more assertive lead in trying to rectify the travails in which the organisation finds itself mired, attendant with its rising power status, its active trade diplomacy elsewhere, the high levels of relative gains it has enjoyed since becoming a member, and its broader trade dependency. That China has not done so represents a puzzle, which is usually answered with reference to the international picture: i.e. that global trade has appeared to be holding up reasonably well throughout and beyond the global crisis, and, despite some inchoate protectionism, there generally exists a broad commitment to an open trading regime. Yet this only tells part of the story: China’s approach cannot simply be ‘read off’ from the structural context and there are, in fact, a series of interesting domestic explanations for why China has remained a ‘reluctant leader’ of the WTO too. On the basis of a series of interviews with Chinese experts, we offer a more complete account of these processes that better recognises patterns of agency, and how China navigates a contingent international order.     

How China is Reorganizing the World Economy*

We analyze the impact of China's integration into the global economy on other countries, Asian countries in particular. We first examine how the growth of China's exports is affecting the exports of other countries in Asia and the rest of the world. Our innovation is to distinguish exports of capital goods, consumer goods, and intermediates and to disaggregate textiles and consumer electronics, the most visible sectors where China's presence is felt. We next look to the impact of China on direct foreign investment flows. Here our innovation is to distinguish vertical and horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI) and to consider how they are affected by supply‐chain relationships. We then look more closely at factors influencing the articulation of these supply chains, the fragmentation of production, and the emerging international division of labor, focusing on two industries, electronics and autos, that exhibit very different responses. The results suggest that countries specializing in the production and export of components and raw materials feel positive effects from China's growth, while countries specializing in the production of consumer goods feel negative effects. Similarly, countries that compete with China for horizontal FDI find it more difficult to attract foreign investment as a result of that country's emergence, while countries that are potentially attractive destinations for vertical FDI find it easier to attract foreign investment as a result of trade links, especially in components and intermediates, that allow them to take advantage of supply chains involving their large and dynamically growing neighbor.     

中美技术贸易述评

数十年来中美技术贸易的发展总体趋势是在矛盾中前进。两国之间技术贸易的三大特点是美国对华技术贸易优势巨大、美国在我国技术进口对象国中稳居前列、美国对华技术出口比重与其技术大国的地位不相称，并对其成因进行分析。本文提出了我国为推动中美技术贸易应采取的一些策略。     

Interest Rates and Monetary Velocity in Australia and the United States*

Two problems have become evident in recent work on the demand for money. One is the implausibly long lags in the demand for money function, the other is a tendency for short-run instability during the 1970s. This paper argues that these problems stem from a point raised by Milton Friedman in 1959 but neglected subsequently: namely, the failure of reference cycles in interest rates to conform in timing with cycles in velocity. The cyclical association between interest rates and velocity is examined for both Australia and the US using cross-spectral methods, and evidence is found of the timing relationships which puzzled Friedman and led him to doubt that interest rates significantly affected the demand for money. After considering the implications of these findings, it is concluded that many models of the demand for money appear to be mis-specified, and the two problems mentioned above are symptomatic of this. A different approach to modelling the demand for money is outlined, in which a short-lead relationship in the money market is substituted for the long lags found by other researchers.