Exchange Rate Passthrough to Export Prices: Assessing Cross‐Country Evidence*

A growing empirical literature reports evidence of a decline in exchange rate passthrough to import prices in a number of industrial countries. Our paper complements this literature by examining passthrough from the other side of the transaction; that is, we assess the exchange rate sensitivity of export prices (denominated in the exporter's currency). We find that the prices charged on exports to the United States are more responsive to the exchange rate than are export prices to other destinations, which is consistent with results in the literature that import price passthrough in the US market is relatively low. In addition, the exchange rate sensitivity of export prices over time has been significantly affected by country‐ and region‐specific factors, including the Asian financial crisis (for emerging Asia), deepening integration with the United States (for Canada), and the effects of the 1992 ERM crisis (for the United Kingdom).     

Passthrough Estimates and the Choice of an Exchange Rate Index*

We examine exchange rate passthrough into US import prices for 29 manufacturing industries using eight exchange rate indexes. These indexes vary by the number of currencies included; whether the weight on each currency is based on total trade with the United States or solely imports; and, whether the weights vary by industry. Our results indicate that passthrough is generally incomplete but varies across industries. Moreover, passthrough is sensitive to the exchange rate index. Using bootstrapped J‐tests we show that major currency indexes perform better than their broad currency counterparts. When using a major currency index, industry‐specific exchange rate indexes are preferred to aggregate indexes.     

Price Commitment versus Flexibility: the Role of Exchange Rate Uncertainty and its Implications for Exchange Rate Passthrough

The paper investigates the incentives to commit price or retain price flexibility in a model in which exporting firms face different degrees of exchange rate uncertainty. The result shows that introducing exchange rate uncertainty can lead to the endogenous emergence of a unique leader–follower equilibrium; which firm emerges as price leader depends on the substitutability of products, the magnitude of exchange rate uncertainty, and the cost structure. This study may provide one explanation as to why some exporters set price before the realization of the nominal exchange rates (“sticky price”). The results imply exchange rate variability affects exchange rate passthrough.     

Currency Misalignments and Exchange Rate Regimes in Emerging and Developing Countries*

Pegged exchange rates are often pointed out as more prone to risk of overvaluation, because their real exchange rates have a tendency to appreciate. We check this assumption empirically over a large sample of emerging and developing countries, by using two databases for de facto classifications by Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger (2003 ) and by Reinhart and Rogoff (2004 ). We assess currency misalignments by estimating real equilibrium exchange rates taking into account a Balassa effect and the impact of net foreign assets. Pegged currencies are shown to be more overvalued than floating ones.     

Exchange Rate Regimes and Currency Crises: an Evaluation using Extreme Value Theory*

We test whether the exchange regime in place has an impact on the vulnerability of countries to currency crises. Our paper is distinguishable from others (i) in its use of extreme value theory to identify currency crisis periods and (ii) in using two separate designations for the exchange regime in place. The first is the self‐reported or announced exchange rate system. The second classification scheme, by Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger, is based on the relative movements of international reserves and exchange rates. The Levy‐Yeyati and Sturzenegger procedure is intended to reveal the actual as distinct from the “legal” exchange arrangement. We find, interestingly, that the announced exchange regime has an impact on the likelihood of currency crises, while the “true” or observed regime does not. Announced pegged exchange regimes increase the risk of currency crisis even if, in reality, the exchange rate system in place is not pegged.     

Transmission of Nominal Exchange Rate Changes to Export Prices and Trade Flows and Implications for Exchange Rate Policy*

We discuss how the welfare ranking of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes in a New Open Economy Macroeconomics model depends on the interplay between the degree of exchange rate pass‐through and the elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods. We identify combinations of these two parameters for which flexible and fixed exchange rates are superior with respect to welfare as measured by a representative household's utility level. We estimate the two parameters for six non‐EMU European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and the UK) using a heterogeneous dynamic panel approach.     

“一带一路”背景下人民币汇率变动的进口价格传递效应研究

针对"一带一路"倡议实施后各省(直辖市)主要贸易伙伴的动态变化,本文构建了省际进口加权有效汇率指数,基于汇率传递非对称性效应理论机制,运用面板数据研究了人民币汇率传递的非对称性效应和省际异质性,并采用双重差分法(DID)考察了"一带一路"倡议对进口汇率传递效应的影响。研究发现:(1)各省人民币汇率传递效应存在明显的异质性和非对称性,经济越发达的省份,汇率传递效应越低,人民币升值较贬值对大部分省份进口价格传递效应更大。(2)各省资本密集型产品的进口占比越大,则人民币贬值促使进口价格上升的幅度越大。(3)"一带一路"倡议整体上提升了中国在进口市场中的国际定价权,特别是对于劳动密集型产品的进口,中国的定价权大幅提高。论文的政策含义在于:一是中国进口贸易政策的制定,需要考虑省际汇率传递效应存在的异质性;二是中国需要大力发展自"一带一路"沿线国家的进口贸易,同时应加大技术创新力度以减轻对欧美市场资本密集型产品的进口依赖程度。     

Effects of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Prices*

To analyze the effects of simultaneous tariff reductions by multiple importing countries on prices, we construct a simple three‐country model where a good is produced by a monopolist with nonconstant marginal cost and imported by two countries. We compare two representative tariff‐reduction formulas: the “fixed‐amount” and the “uniform percentage” reductions. The uniform percentage reductions may increase the consumer price in the importing country, whose initial tariff is lower. Thus, importing countries with relatively low tariffs may prefer a bilateral trade agreement to a multilateral one to ensure consumer gains.     

人民币汇率制度与进出口的稳定性

一个开放经济体选择钉住汇率制产生的经济利益主要表现为可以消除汇率波动引起的不确定性及交易成本节省的费用。但本文通过理论和实证分析认为 ,由于中美两国间微弱的经济联系和两国内部发展存在很大差异 ,中国无法获得这种利益。相反却由于我国大多数贸易伙伴 (或竞争 )国都采取了灵活的汇率制度 ,钉住汇率制导致我国对这些国家的汇率随美元被动波动 ,影响了进出口的稳定性 ,限制了支出转换政策的灵活使用     

关税、货币政策与中国实际均衡汇率

加入WTO后 ,降低进口品关税等措施将影响人民币均衡汇率水平 ,同时开放经济下国内货币政策、财政政策等宏观经济政策调整也会改变均衡汇率水平。本文运用动态一般均衡的方法 ,探讨中国在加入世界贸易组织之后 ,关税税率调整、货币供应量增长率改变、财政政策调整等措施对实际均衡汇率的长期效应。把货币引入生产函数和消费者的效用函数 ,我们扩展了由Turnovsky提出的两商品资本积累模型 ,利用参数赋值(calibration)的方法进行了均衡状态下的比较静态分析。研究发现降低进口品关税使人民币面临贬值压力 ,而政府增加税收 ,减少对贸易品的消费则有利于人民币的保值和升值。实证研究结果表明 :国外实际利率水平下降 ,实际货币供应量增长率降低都将引起人民币均衡汇率贬值。     

汇率决定中的货币替代——以中国相关数据验证

在考虑汇率的影响因素时,传统的汇率决定理论主要是从一国的宏观基本因素进行分析.随着经济全球化的出现,货币的跨国流动规模越来越大,货币替代现象日益严重,对汇率的干扰也越来越强.本文在货币分析法的基础上加入货币替代因素,建立了一个简单的分析框架,并运用我国的相关数据对此进行检验,证实货币替代确实对汇率产生了很大的影响.     

Effects of a Free Trade Agreement on the Exchange Rate Pass‐through to Import Prices

This paper investigates the effect of trade liberalization on the exchange rate passthrough (ERPT) to import prices. To do so, it employs an empirical estimation of the effects of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the Mexican ERPT, and uses a Ricardian general equilibrium model. The model identifies two channels that explain how the trade liberalization alters the ERPT. The first channel is the direct relationship between the tariffs and the pass‐through by good. The second channel is the effect that tariffs have on the composition of imports, altering indirectly the aggregate pass‐through.     

Exchange Rate Passthrough Effects and Inflation Targeting in Emerging Economies: What is the Relationship?

Several studies have shown that over the past 10 years the passthrough effect from currency depreciation into domestic inflation has been decreasing in emerging economies that adopted inflation targeting (IT) during the mid and late 1990s. Therefore the nominal exchange rate effect on domestic inflation is becoming less of an issue for these countries. The literature has offered different explanations for these declines but so far they have not been directly related to the adoption of IT. This paper shows that lower passthrough effects can also be the result of the implementation of an IT regime and argues, contrary to previous studies, that the effects of the nominal exchange rate on inflation are still a relevant issue for emerging IT countries. The reason for this is that the empirical evidence offered for the lower passthrough misses the nature of the relationship between inflation and the nominal exchange rate under IT.     

通货价值的非确定性变动与汇率的经济学分析

全文共分四个部分--回顾日元对美元的汇率变动过程;介绍经济学家关于汇率决定的理论;人们对汇价的期待与外汇市场的不确定性.     

利率市场化、汇率改制与国际资本流动的关系研究

随着利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放改革进程的加快推进,我国金融市场面临着前所未有的挑战。本文从理论上分析了国际资本流动与利率、汇率之间的时变和互动关系,并采用时变参数向量自回归模型实证分析了三者之间的时变动态关系。通过进一步分析不同时间阶段我国利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放等对中美利差、汇率波动和国际资本流动的影响效应,结果发现:利率对汇率和国际资本流动的传导渠道相对有限;汇率对利率的传导受阻,但对国际资本流动的影响相对较为顺畅;国际资本流动对利率传导相对较弱,而对汇率的影响十分显著。可见,在利率—汇率—资本流动三者相互传导过程中,利率渠道最为不顺畅。利率对国际资本流动影响渠道受阻,除了因为我国利率的价格机制作用有限和资本账户管制外,另外一个原因则在于汇率日波动受限从而削弱了利率对汇率波动的传导效应,并使得非平抛利率平价曲线无法更好地发挥作用。同时为了避免由于难以控制的资本外逃而导致系统性金融风险,基于本文的研究结果,我国金融市场化改革应该遵循如下改革顺序:利率市场化—汇率改制—资本账户开放。     

The Impact of Chinese Exports on Global Import Prices*

This paper evaluates the evidence bearing on the question of whether China's buoyant export growth has led to significant changes in the import prices, and thus inflation performance, of its trading partners. This evidence suggests that the impact of Chinese exports on global import prices has been, while non‐ negligible, fairly modest. We identify a statistically significant effect of US imports from China on US import prices, but given the size of this effect and the relatively low share of imports in US GDP, the ultimate impact on US consumer prices has likely been quite small. Moreover, imports from China had little apparent effect on US producer prices. Finally, using a multi‐country database of trade transactions, we estimate that, since 1993, Chinese exports lowered annual import inflation in a large set of economies by 0.25 percentage point or less on average.     

Exchange Rate Pass-through: How Much do Exchange Rate Changes Affect the Prices of Australian Exports?

Australia is generally held to be a small open economy with a high proportion of commodity exports. It is therefore regarded as a 'price taker' in international markets, and pass-through on exports is expected to be zero. This paper uses the Johansen Multivariate Cointegration technique to estimate the pass-through of exchange rate changes to the destination-currency prices of aggregate Australian exports. The results demonstrate a stable long-run pass-through level of 60 per cent, which refutes the 'small-country' assumption of Australian exporters as price takers. These findings have important implications for Australia's terms of trade and current account deficit