Nonlinearities in emerging stock markets: evidence from Europe's two largest emerging markets

Recent developments in time series analysis allow proper modelling of nonlinearities in economic and financial variables. A growing body of research was dedicated to investigation of potential nonlinearities in conditional mean of many economic and financial variables, mainly concentrating in developed economies. However, nonlinearities in financial variables in developing economies have not been fully examined yet. In this article we investigate potential nonlinearity and cyclical behaviour of stock returns in Europe's two largest emerging stock markets, mainly in the Greek and Turkish stock markets. Specifically, we use STAR family models, which allow to model nonlinearities in the conditional mean, for modelling monthly returns on stock exchange indices of the Athens Stock Exchange and Istanbul Stock Exchange. Although we find no nonlinearity in conditional variance, we do find strong evidence in favour of nonlinear adjustment of stock returns. It is found that allowing for nonlinearity in conditional mean results in a superior model and provides good out-of-sample forecasts, which contradicts to efficient market hypothesis.     

COMMON STOCHASTIC TRENDS AMONG THE CYPRUS STOCK EXCHANGE AND THE ASE,LSE AND NYSE

Common stochastic trends among major international stock price indices have been an intensively analysed issue mainly as a result of the 1987 stock market crash and the need for policy coordination in financial markets. This paper investigates the existence of common stochastic trends among an emerging equity market, the Cyprus Stock Exchange, and three mature equity markets, namely the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE), the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).     

Long-run Relationships between Selected Central European Indexes

In the paper we discuss the results of the long-run relationships (cointegration) between the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the other three stock exchanges situated in Central Europe: the Vienna Stock Exchange, the Prague Stock Exchange, and the Budapest Stock Exchange. Cointegration analysis is applied to check if the markets are integrated. Highly integrated markets are not isolated from international shocks.     

沪深股市波动的多重分形结构分析

利用多重分形消除趋势分析方法,以1991年5月3日至2006年4月20日的上证综指和深成指数日收盘价的收益率序列为样本,研究了我国沪深股市的波动特征。结果表明我国沪深股市均具有多重分形结构,小幅波动具有长程相关性,大幅波动具有反持续性,且上证综指的波动程度比深成指数收益率的波动程度强烈。     

IS TECHNICAL ANALYSIS USEFUL FOR STOCK TRADERS IN CHINA? EVIDENCE FROM THE SZSE COMPONENT A‐SHARE INDEX

Abstract.  This paper uses daily stock prices and the trading volume of 39 constituent companies in the SZSE Component A-Share Index on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange to examine the usefulness of technical analysis. It finds very weak evidence to support the view that traders and/or technical analysts can learn more about the future pattern of returns by actively using volume in conjunction with returns than those who only watch price movements.     

中国沪深股市收益率和波动性的实证分析

沪市和深市股票收益率和波动性之闻具有相互作用和相互影响,存在股价变化和走势之间的互动作用和示范效应,我们发现两市收益率序列之间具有长期协整关系,这说明它们存在类似的长期趋势成分;它们的短期误差修正系数存在一定的差异,这说明它们具有相异的短期波动模式;我们利用 GARCH 模型等非对称性方法发现两市之间存在显著的波动"溢出效应"和"杠杆效应",这说明两市资金的流动性约束较低,投资主体的相关性较强,两市收益率和波动性之间具有一定程度的整合性。     

The relation between the informational content of implied volatility and arbitrage costs: Evidence from the Oslo Stock Exchange

This study investigates the proposition that volatility of stock returns can be predicted from the volatility implied by options on the Oslo Stock Exchange (OSE), conditional on the ability to perform arbitrage. Insights into the relation between the informational content of implied volatility and arbitrage cost can be distilled from Oslo Stock Exchange data. For Norwegian firms, options and their underlying stock trade on the Oslo Stock Exchange and have an overlapping set of market makers thereby lowering the cost of arbitrage. Other components of arbitrage trading costs, liquidity and dispersion of stock return volatility, vary widely across Norwegian firms. Moreover, restriction on the short selling of stock in Oslo allows further insight into the role of arbitrage costs in determining the informational content of implied volatility. The results yield support for the arbitrage cost hypothesis: the lower the arbitrage cost between the stock and the option, the greater the informational content of implied volatility.     

Estimating time-varying variances and covariances via nearest neighbour multivariate predictions: applications to the NYSE and the Madrid Stock Exchange Index

In this article, we present a technique to obtain the time-varying covariance matrix for several time series for nearest neighbour predictors. To illustrate the use of this technique, we analyse the time-varying variances and correlations between the daily returns on two equity stock market indexes, the New York Stock Exchange and the Madrid Stock Exchange Index.     

中国股票市场流动性:过高还是过低 --一个国际比较视角的分析

现有中国证券市场流动性方面的研究在评价中国证券市场(尤其是股票市场)流动性水平问题上分歧相当严重.本文从国际比较的视角出发,利用波动性调整后的换手率指标对中国上海证券交易所、深圳股票交易所和纽约股票交易所的流动性水平进行度量.结论表明,中国股票市场流动性在一定程度上优于NYSE市场,同时,剧烈的市场波动对市场流动性造成了损害.     

我国股权分置中对价水平的“群聚”现象分析

从2005年4月29日到2006年3月19日止,上海证券市场共有25批次346家(含29家试点公司)上市公司公布股权分置改革的详细方案。其中高达87.6%股权分置公司的对价水平都集中在10送2至4股区间,平均对价水平为10送3股,对价水平出现显著的10送3股“群聚”现象。本文以不完全竞争市场理论为基础,对上海证券市场346家股权分置公司样本进行实证检验,结果表明,上海证券交易所前25批股权分置公司的保荐市场上,Herfindahl-Hirschman指数(HH指数)平均高达1411,保荐行业的市场准入难度较大,股权分置公司的对价水平与保荐机构所占市场份额显著负相关。证据表明,上海证券市场的保荐行业一定程度上属于寡头垄断,而10送3股的现象可能是寡头垄断的结果,而不是完全市场竞争的结果。     

Co-movement in Stock Prices in Emerging Economies: The Case of the Caricom Region

The Grand Anse Declaration of 1989 recognised the need for financial integration within the emerging economies that comprise the CARICOM region, as a way of furthering the wider process of economic integration and, indeed, economic development in that region. Using co-movement as a measure of financial integration, this paper investigates the co-movement in stock prices among the Barbados, the Jamaica and the Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchanges, the three major exchanges within the CARICOM region. It also examines how integrated these exchanges are with the New York Stock Exchange. The GARCH-Copula methodology and, to a lesser extent, estimated correlation coefficients, are used to attain this objective. There appears to be co-movement in stock prices and returns within the CARICOM stock markets and significant dependence structures between the returns of the three CARICOM stock markets. However, there is considerably less evidence of integration between the CARICOM markets and the New York Stock Exchange.     

Shall One Sit “Longer” for a Free Lunch? Impact of Trading Durations on the Realized Variances and Volatility Spillovers

This study examines the effect of trading durations on the realized variance of rupee futures traded in national stock exchange (NSE), India and Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange (DGCX), Dubai as there exists a difference in the trading durations at these exchanges, where DGCX has longer trading duration. The empirical results suggest that longer trading duration has significantly higher realized variance, and also non-trading durations at NSE account for higher overall realized variance of Rupee Futures. We model the impact of trading durations on intraday and overnight realized variance for rupee futures and estimate a reduced realized volatility of 40–70 bps due to shorter trading duration. We find that non-trading durations at National Stock Exchange account for 60–70% of the overall realized variance of rupee futures. Using MGARCH model with BEKK parameterization, we find evidence of bidirectional volatility spillover from Offshore to Onshore Rupee markets.

     

The determinants of exchange settlement practices and the implication of volatility smile: Evidence from the Taiwan Futures Exchange

This paper proposes that the Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) adopts a linear extrapolation method to set the settlement price for the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) options with less liquidity and thin trading. The empirical results indicate that the settlement-price-determined implied volatility is a smile function, consistent with the pattern of the market-price-determined implied volatility. Moreover, we examine the influence of economic factors on the TAIFEX's decision regarding the parameters of implied volatility function. Compared with the economic determinants of market-force-driven volatility parameters, the TAIFEX inappropriately values the impacts of the parameters of prior days, current stock returns, distribution of stock returns, long-term measurement of the stock market trend, market transaction cost, and time to maturity.     

OPTIMAL WEIGHT FOR REALIZED VARIANCE BASED ON INTERMITTENT HIGH‐FREQUENCY DATA*

Japanese stock markets have two types of breaks, overnight and lunch, during which no trading occurs, causing an inevitable increased variance in estimating daily volatility via a naive realized variance (RV). In order to perform a more stabilized estimation, we modify Hansen and Lunde's weighting technique. As an empirical study, we estimate optimal weights by using a particular approach for Japanese stock data listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and then compare the forecast performance of weighted and non‐weighted RV through an autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average model. The empirical result indicates that the appropriate use of the optimally weighted RV can lead to remarkably smaller estimation variance compared with the naive RV, in many series. Therefore a more accurate forecasting of daily volatility data is obtained. Finally, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation to support the empirical result.     

股票资产组合VaR研究基于混合D藤Copula模型

本文在对上证市场五种股票资产组合的风险分析中以VaR作为风险度量指标,采用基于Pair Copula高维建模理论的混合D藤Copula模型,建立了反应多个资产组合相关结构的联合分布模型。该模型对传统D藤Copula建模方法作了进一步的改进,通过一定的选择标准,确定了D藤中每个Pair Copula函数的最优函数族,这样使得所建立的模型不仅考虑到了资产维数的影响,而且还能捕捉到组合内部因子间相关结构的差异性,从而改进后的模型能更好地描述资产组合的相关结构,并且能更精确地反映资产组合收益的实际分布。最后,以混合D藤Copula模型为基础,利用Monte Carlo方法计算了上证市场五种股票资产组合的VaR,并通过实证研究进一步证明了该模型的有效性。     

Overflow effect of credit rating announcements on stock exchange based on event study

This study is aimed to identify the impact of credit rating announcements on the stock returns in stock markets and for this purpose, four different sectors of Pakistan stock exchange were selected and from each of these four sectors, different business organizations were selected, i.e. total 32 business organizations were selected. The credit rating announcement data were collected for these 32 business organizations belonging to four different sectors. Totally 101 credit rating announcements were selected and the time period for which the credit rating warnings were selected include last three years period, i.e. from 2014 to 2016. The collected data were analysed by calculating abnormal returns for each of the selected security and average abnormal returns, and cumulative average abnormal returns were calculated for four different sectors. Event study methodology was applied, and t-test and t-stats value were calculated and results were analysed on the basis of t-statistics. The results of analysis identified that credit rating announcements have a significant impact on stock prices and investors and other market participants are earning abnormal returns during two-day period after the announcements are made. In addition, these abnormal returns were either negative or positive, depending upon the nature of credit ratings announced. If the credit rating announced was upgraded, investors enjoyed positive abnormal returns while in case when credit rating announcements were downgraded, then investors bear negative abnormal returns. Finally, the findings of the study identified the applicability of random walk hypothesis on the Pakistan Stock Exchange and Pakistan Stock Exchange confirms the efficient market hypothesis with its semi-strong form of efficiency.     

动量和反转投资策略在我国股市中的实证分析

本文采用沪深两市1995年前上市的股票作为样本,发现我国股市中也存在明显的动量和反转盈利,且两种效应的强弱与大盘走势相关,当市场为牛市特征时,动量效应明显强于反转效应;当市场为熊市特征时,则反之.经典的CAPM模型无法解释动量和反转盈利的来源,检验表明投资者对不同类型信息的不同反应方式,可以很好解释我国股市中的动量和反转盈利,利用上述检验结果还可以解释我国股市中许多有趣的特征.     

The impact of trading floor closure on market efficiency: evidence from the Toronto Stock Exchange

On 23 April 1997, the Toronto Stock Exchange closed its trading floor, making it at that time the second-largest stock exchange in North America to choose a purely electronic trading environment for its equities. Exploiting this natural experiment, we find that the move to electronic trading resulted in a higher cost of immediacy (bid–ask spreads), increased information asymmetry and an overall deterioration of short-horizon return predictability from past order flows, reducing the efficiency of price discovery. Our results suggest that the human element plays an important role in order execution and complements automated electronic trading by improving the efficiency of incorporating new information into prices.     

风险投资参与对中资企业首次公开发行折价的影响——不同证券市场的比较

本文考察中资企业在不同市场上市时风险投资的参与是否影响首次公开发行折价。研究发现,在大陆中小板和香港主板市场上市的中资企业中,有风险投资参与的企业IPO折价显著高于无风险投资参与的企业,支持声誉效应假说,即风险投资机构以IPO折价来提早退出投资项目,以此来建立自己的声誉,吸引更多的资金流入。在美国市场风险投资的参与对IPO折价则没有显著影响。本文进一步研究发现从业时间短的风险投资机构,其参与投资的公司上市时的历史也较短;风险投资进入企业的时间越长,IPO折价水平也越高。这两个检验都验证了风险投资机构通过IPO折价提早退出投资项目,进一步支持了声誉效应假说。     

不同盈利信息的可持续性及其对价值相关性影响的实证分析

运用设置虚拟变量的价格模型研究方法，经过对我国沪深A股1991～2003年8169个样本企业／年观测值的研究发现，我国主营业务利润的可持续性及预测能力无论是对未来1年还是对未来6年均高于非主营业务利润，但我国资本市场在早期不仅不能识别这两种不同性质的利润，反而偏好于非主营业务利润，但自2001年起．我国资本市场对这种错误的定价模式进行了纠正．2001～2003年我国主营业务利润的价值相关性高于非主营业务利润，这不仅标志着我国投资者的投资理念正走向成熟，而且也说明我国资本市场正向有效性较高的成熟资本市场靠拢。