农业资源禀赋的地区差异与农业FDI的区位选择——基于中国省际数据的实证研究

本文采用PanelData模型和中国农业FDI的省际数据,对农业资源禀赋的地区差异与农业FDI的区位选择的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,农业资源非均衡分布,尤其是农业自然资源的地区差异,是导致农,2kFDI地区分布差异的根本原因。农,2kFDI一般都定位于农业自然资源丰裕的地区,然而当外商过度集中于这些地区时,可利用资源数量将会减少,获取资源的成本也会增加,进而诱发农,_lkFDI的空间转移。这可以在很大程度上解释农＆FDI为什么会从东部扩散到中部、由南方转移到北方的原因。农业外资政策制定的关键是合理引导外商投资与区域农业资源合理匹配,以促进跨国公司参与农业的积极影响。     

FDI and income inequality in Africa

This paper tests the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on income inequality in a panel of 16 African countries from 1980 to 2013. We controlled for both non-linear effects and heterogeneity by using a Pooled Mean Group estimator. There is robust evidence that the relationship is non-linear and we document a U-shaped effect of FDI on inequality. The results reveal that FDI increases equality of distribution of income in the countries examined. However, this effect diminishes with further increases in FDI. Policy implications emanating from this study suggest that although FDI may be growth enhancing, FDI-induced growth may not necessarily translate into a reduction in inequality. FDI has to be structured in such way that the resulting skill-biased employed is mitigated. To address inequality, policy implications from this study imply that FDI has to target both ends of the labour market.     

外商直接投资资源型城市的就业效应——以辽宁省阜新市为例

文章以典型的资源枯竭型城市--阜新的数据为样本,以辽宁省的数据为参照,实证研究了外商直接投资与劳动力就业数量的关系.研究发现阜新市就业数量随FDI数量的增加呈现"先增后减再增加"的三阶段变化趋势,这与辽宁省数据得出结论有显著差异.说明资源枯竭型城市在利用FDI解决就业问题的过程中,充分考虑城市的自身特点是十分必要的.阜新经验的借鉴意义:(1)大力提高劳动者素质,积极发挥FD哟挤入效应;(2)注重引入劳动密集型的GDI,优化外资的产业投向;(3)充分发挥政府职能,创造良好的外部环境.     

Redistributive Land Reform: No April Rose. The Poverty of Berry and Cline and GKI on the Inverse Relationship

At the theoretical heart of the Griffin, Khan and Ickowitz (GKI) case for redistributive land reform ('a many-splendoured thing') lies the highly influential study by Albert Berry and William Cline, Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries, published for the ILO in 1979. That study is regarded by many as the definitive work on the inverse relationship between farm size and land productivity. This paper subjects Berry and Cline, and by extension GKI, to critical scrutiny with respect to their policy implications, theoretical framework and empirical evidence. It also provides an alternative class-theoretic approach to understanding the inverse relationship which undermines the use of the latter as the central rationale for redistributive land reform. If the approach of Berry and Cline can be shown to be theoretically, methodologically and empirically flawed, then perforce the argument and policy recommendations of GKI, who replicate that approach, can be shown to be fundamentally defective.     

Social Organization,Civic Responsibility and Collective Action: Game Theory Models of Community Participation in Development Projects

This paper assesses the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries crowds in or crowds out domestic investment. The core of the paper is the development of a theoretical model for investment that includes a FDI variable and its estimation and testing with panel data for the period 1971–2000 and the three decades involved. The model is run for 12 countries in each of three developing regions (Africa, Asia and Latin America). The results indicate that, in all three developing regions, FDI has, at best, left domestic investment unchanged, and that there are several sub-periods for specific regions where FDI displaces domestic investment. In particular, there seems to be crowding out of domestic investment by FDI in Latin America. If these results are in fact correct, they suggests the need for policies to make FDI more effective in enhancing domestic investment in developing countries. The conclusion is that the effects of FDI on domestic investment are by no means always favourable, that simplistic policies towards FDI are unlikely to be optimal and, foremost, that more attention needs to be paid to economic policies that foster the domestic component of total investment.     

FDI对林业生态经济效益的影响效应分析

基于2008—2017年中国28个省市的林业生态经济面板数据,运用动态空间杜宾模型分析外商直接投资(FDI)对林业生态经济的影响效应,结果表明:2008—2017年间林业生态经济效益的空间集聚效应显著,2012年后空间相关性明显增强;FDI有助于提升林业生态经济效益;短期内FDI对本地区林业生态经济效益的提升作用显著,但对周边地区林业生态经济发展起抑制作用,长期直接和长期间接效应的估计结果均为正,但长期间接效应未通过显著性检验。因此,建议拓宽FDI的引进渠道及方式,优化FDI的分配结构,建立林业人才共享平台。     

Asymmetric Price Transmission: A Survey

Asymmetric price transmission has been the subject of considerable attention in agricultural economics. It is not only important because it may point to gaps in economic theory, but also because its presence is often considered for policy purposes to be evidence of market failure. In this paper we survey the literature on asymmetric price transmission. A wide variety of often conflicting theories of, and empirical tests for, asymmetry co‐exist in this literature. We classify the different types and causes of asymmetric price transmission and describe the econometric techniques used to quantify it. We also briefly review the results of empirical applications. Outstanding methodological problems and suggestions for future research are discussed. Our main conclusion is that the existing literature is far from being unified or conclusive, and that it has often been largely method‐driven, with little attention devoted to theoretical underpinnings and the plausible interpretation of results. Hence, much interesting theoretical and empirical work remains to be done.     

Does agricultural official development assistance facilitate foreign direct investment in agriculture: Evidence from 63 developing countries

Although past studies have separately explored the direct impact of agriculture official development assistance (ODA) and foreign development investment (FDI) on agricultural production, the nexus between these two elements is often neglected. This article aims to understand the linkage between agricultural ODA and FDI, using data from 63 developing countries from 1991 to 2019. Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimations reveal that agricultural ODA considerably promotes FDI in the agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors (FDI_aff) by approximately 0.5%, while its impact on FDI in the food, beverages and tobacco industries (FDI_fbt) is overall insignificant. Geographical and ecological conditions play a decisive role in accounting for FDI in agriculture. While coastal and land-rich countries receive a significantly higher amount of FDI_aff and FDI_fbt, tropical countries are evidently more attractive destinations for FDI_fbt. The empirical analysis also shows that a peaceful social environment encourages FDI_aff. Well-established legal systems and reductions in corruption facilitate FDI_aff, whereas the impact of overall institutional quality on agricultural FDI is insignificant. Results suggest that donors prioritise agricultural initiatives with higher positive spillover effects, such as programmes supporting food crop production and agricultural research.     

信贷政策调整和房地产价格的动态关系--基于VEC模型的分析

文章从理论角度分析了银行信贷同房产价格间的关系和作用机制,并在此基础上利用2010年1月-2019年6月全国房产价格月度数据建立VEC模型进行实证研究。结果表明,银行信贷和房产价格具有双向因果关系:房价波动对信贷波动具有显著影响,而信贷波动对房价波动影响相对有限。文章认为房价波动通过短期信贷、抵押物价值和银行资本金三种渠道来影响信贷供给。因此,政府在调整信贷政策时需要考虑房价波动的影响。     

A scale invariant model for the expansion of agricultural land and government spending on the agricultural sector

The expansion dynamics of the agricultural surface is a complex process, since it requires decisions among different actors under a multitude of socioeconomic and natural conditions, expectations, and risks. This paper shows that despite this complexity, and at odds with the intuition, the density of agricultural lands and the government spending to foster agriculture around a human settlement displays a simple power-law relationship regarding the distance to such a settlement. The theoretical proof of this relationship is based on theoretical and empirical findings made by several authors on the expansion of population centers, river networks, species and ecosystem’s distribution. The empirical proof is made by fitting a simple power-law model having as response variables: density of agricultural land; government spending coverage, and government spending per unit of agricultural surface, while the distance to the centroid settlement is used as independent variable. Results show that the scaling exponents of the power-law relationship estimated from those models, with data from rural settlements in Mexico, are similar statistically to the expected values from theoretical models for the three expansion processes tested. Three applications of the scale-invariant attribute characterizing the expansion process of agricultural lands are presented:

• i)monitoring agricultural activities at the territories;
• ii)a proxy to estimate the expected growth of the agricultural surface; and
• iii)a typology to characterize government assistance at local level.

     

Price and Volatility Transmission and Market Power in the German Fresh Pork Supply Chain

We investigate the relationship between the transmission of price volatility and market power in the German fresh pork supply chain. We use a theoretical model underpinning this relationship followed by an empirical application that uses monthly farm, slaughterhouse and retail pork price data for the period 2000–2011. We examine both the relationships of market power with price level transmission and price volatility transmission in the chain. We use a vector error correction model and least squares regressions to analyse price transmission and price volatility transmissions, respectively. Results show that retail market power limited both types of transmissions. Competition inducing policy measures coupled with measures that support price risk management initiatives of chain actors are suggested.     

The Geography of Foreign Direct Investment in Poland's Food Industry

In this paper a gravity model is developed to analyse cumulative FDI inflows into Poland's food industry during the 1990s. The FDI data is related to characteristics of 28 countries of investor‐origin. The results confirmed earlier studies with respect to important links between FDI, trade, and labour costs, as well as the general appropriateness of the basic gravity model formulation. Geographical distance was found to be a significant determinant of FDI in staple food industries, but not in high value‐added, branded confectionery, beverage, and tobacco production, suggesting that different industry‐branches might be globalised to a differing extent.     

Analyzing Foreign Direct Investment Decisions by Food and everage Firms: An Empirical Model of Transaction Theory

Global trends in agricultural marketing include increased trade in processed foods, less intra-industry trade, slower growth in trade of bulk commodities, and intensified adoption of processing and biological technologies. These trends temporally lead to increased investments by firms in intangible assets and tighter vertical controls. As a result of these trends, in the context of international trade governance, there is invigorated interest in the causal factors related to the boundaries of firms.
Using transaction economic theory and an empirical model, this research analyzes the determinants of international trade strategy in the food and beverage industry. The quantitative analysis involves a nested logit model of a sample of domestic and multinational firms in SIC 20. The nested logit employed is based on a two-level nest of sequential dichotomous choice decisions regarding exporting and foreign direct investment (FDI). The first sequential decision is the boundary choice between remaining domestic or engaging in international trade of some form. The second sequential decision involves exporting or FDI. Model regressors include the size of the firm, level of product differentiation, intangible assets, research and development expenditures, long-term debt, capital intensity, the country of origin and business structure.     

Short-Run Output Response in the Western Canadian Cattle Industry

This paper present the results of recent empirical work on the short-run producetion flexibility of cow-calf producers in Western Canada. Several aspects of firm behaviour may be inferred from the econometric estimates, including short-run elasticities of supply and factor demand, and the total elasticity of cattle supply. The principal empirical findings are that many of the shourt-run supply and factor demand responses of firms, are elastic with respect to within-season price variability. The evidence does not support a vertical or negatively-sloped short-run supply curve for cattle, where one previously has been hypothesized in the theoretical literature.     

Estimating the benefits of plant breeding research: methodological issues and practical challenges

Impact assessment studies consistently show that the benefits generated by plant breeding are large, positive and widely distributed. Numerous case studies have concluded that investment in plant breeding research generates attractive rates of return compared to alternative investment opportunities, that welfare gains resulting from the adoption of modern varieties (MVs) reach both favoured and marginal environments, and that benefits are broadly shared by producers and consumers. But just how reliable are the results of studies that estimate the benefits of plant breeding research? This article reviews methods used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research and discusses theoretical and empirical issues that often receive inadequate attention in applied impact assessment work. Our objective is not to question the validity of the theoretical frameworks commonly used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research, but rather to examine problems that can arise when the widely accepted theoretical frameworks are used for empirical analysis. Most of these problems can be grouped into three basic categories: (1) problems associated with measuring adoption and diffusion of MVs, (2) problems associated with estimating benefits attributable to adoption of MVs, and (3) problems associated with assigning credit among the various plant breeding programmes that participated in developing the MVs.     

The Role of Community and Farm Characteristics in Farm Input Purchasing Patterns

This work uses unique data from three dairy-dependent communities in rural Wisconsin to test established theory and empirical studies that link farm structure to local purchasing patterns. A theoretical model of purchasing choices is developed to derive the demand determinants of local purchasing. This model is tested empirically across eleven major dairy farm inputs using a double-bounded Tobit model that also includes community characteristics. The empirical estimations find little support for a general linkage between farm-level characteristics and local purchasing patterns. The results do suggest that different community characteristics provide some explanations for diverse purchasing patterns.     

影响中国林业企业对俄直接投资的经济、资源和制度因素

以2005—2017年中国对俄罗斯的FDI数据为样本,建立多元回归模型,实证分析了影响中国林业企业对俄直接投资的经济、资源、制度因素。结果表明:提高中俄贸易关系紧密度和人民币对卢布汇率能够促进中俄两国的林业投资合作,俄罗斯森林资源禀赋和原木产量的提高推动着中国林业企业在俄罗斯开展直接投资,中俄两国的法律制度差异、话语权和问责差异与中国林业企业对俄罗斯的FDI流量为负相关,然而两国的腐败遏制差异、政府效率差异对于中国林业企业在俄罗斯开展直接投资有着显著的正向影响。因此,应加强中俄两国政府的政策沟通和经济合作,有效规避汇率风险;增加中国的人工林培育面积;积极完善俄罗斯的制度质量,降低中国林业企业在俄罗斯的投资成本。     

The Impact of FDI on CO2 Emissions in Latin America

This paper uses panel Granger causality tests to study the relationship between sector-specific foreign direct investment (FDI) and CO₂ emissions. Using a sample of 18 Latin American countries for the period 1980–2007, we find causality running from FDI in pollution-intensive industries (“the dirty sector”) to CO₂ emissions per capita. This result is robust to controlling for other factors associated with CO₂ emissions and using the ratio of CO₂ emissions to GDP. For other sectors, we find no robust evidence that FDI causes CO₂ emissions.     

中国农产品期货市场功能发挥的现货市场条件探讨

本文在对期货市场功能发挥和现货市场关系探讨的基础上，从期货市场发现价格和回避风险功能角度，指出农产品期货市场功能发挥所需具备的现货市场条件是：现货市场发达完善和接近完全竞争；进而实证分析影响中国农产品期货市场功能发挥的现货市场条件的因素。主要结论是中国农产品期货市场是在现货市场发育还不充分的情况下产生并发展起来的，不完善的现货市场争件是影响和制约农产品期货市场功能充分发挥的关键因素。     

Incorporating Trade into the Investment Development Path: A Case Study of Korea and Taiwan

We suggest that there is some interface between the investment development path (IDP) and the trade development path (TDP)-with both trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) of created asset-intensive products increasing their significance relative to gross national product (GNP) of countries. The proportion of intra-industry trade and FDI to total trade and FDI also increases as an economy develops, particularly so for created asset-intensive products. We have taken the FDI intensity of manufacturing sectors as a proxy for a created asset intensity, and classified it into three categories, viz. above, average and below created asset intensities. Trade and FDI data from the Korean and Taiwan economies between 1968 and 1997 generally support the idea of an integrated TDP and IDP. The growth of trade and FDI tends to be positively correlated with GNP per capita and with the created asset intensity of products.