货币供应、银行信贷与我国的房地产价格泡沫——基于面板数据动态GMM法的实证检验

近年我国房价急剧上涨所形成的泡沫问题已成为可能诱发系统性金融风险的重要因素。以房价收入比作为衡量房地产价格泡沫的评价指标,基于2006—2015年我国35个大中城市的面板数据,运用动态GMM法实证检验了货币供应、银行信贷对房地产价格泡沫的影响作用。结果表明:我国房地产价格泡沫存在跨期动态传递效应,货币供应量和银行信贷对房地产价格泡沫有显著的正向影响,固定资产投资、产业结构、城市化等亦对房地产价格泡沫产生不同程度影响,而上述因素的作用效应在房地产价格不同泡沫程度区域呈现异质性特征。鉴于此,中央政府有必要调整相对宽松的货币政策和房地产信贷政策,采取"因城施策"的差异化调控机制,有效抑制房地产泡沫。     

中国房地产泡沫测度及其影响因素分析

随着房价持续上涨,房地产泡沫逐渐聚集.本文选取五大单项指标检测中国是否存在房地产泡沫;基于理论分析,选取2000年-2009年各省级行政区域相关数据,建立面板随机效应模型,检验房地产市场泡沫的影响因素.实证结果表明,在供求关系没有显著变化的前提下,货币发行、人均可支配收入和房地产开发贷款额是房地产泡沫最主要的影响因素,与房地产价格正相关;与假设相反,市场名义利率与房价仍然正相关.     

房地产价格上升能拉动经济增长吗——基于中国的实证研究

房地产市场的价格波动如何影响经济增长、结构调整以及民生福利,一直备受理论界和实务界的关注。在对房地产价格与实体经济关系等相关领域的国内外前沿理论进行梳理的基础上,本文利用经验数据分析了我国房地产市场与经济和物价等宏观因素之间的内在联系。结论表明,货币宽松在房地产市场泡沫形成中发挥了重要作用,而基于房价外生假设的研究可能高估了房地产市场对经济的拉动作用。后者在货币扩张和房市繁荣阶段尤为明显。其原因可能在于,房价上升后刚性需求带来的替代效应以及高收入阶层投机动机对消费的负面影响,可能导致企业部门资源配置扭曲和产业空心化,降低制造业等领域的投资动力。     

独家专访中山证券首席经济学家，浦江金融论坛秘书长李国旺 “无风险”的幻觉

货币供需的扭曲和错配，加之近年来地产信托市场滋长的“无风险”金融幻觉，导致楼市泡沫难以为继。局部地刺破地产信托市场泡沫，刺破群体心理幻觉，让供求和投资心理回归理性，是中国房地产可持续的关键。     

货币供给量、房地产库存与房价关系研究——基于面板数据的实证分析

为深入考察货币供应量和商品房库存对房价的影响,研究去杠杆和去库存的作用,本文通过建立面板数据模型,考察了2008年到2015年之间我国货币供应量和商品房库存与12个主要城市房价之间的关系,从中发现了如下三类效应:一是货币效应,不同城市商品房价格与货币供应量呈强正相关,从城市来看,一线城市中的深圳与二线城市中的杭州与北京相比,更为突出;二是库存效应,不同城市商品房库存与房价负相关,从城市看,二线城市中的杭州与二线中等城市中的成都与北京相比,更为明显;三是交叉效应,货币供应量上升会缓解库存增加带来的房价下降压力,但库存增加却会强化货币供应量增加时带来的房价上升趋势。     

中国信贷支持与房地产价格波动——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

本文利用1995-2010年的季度数据,通过建立结构向量自回归模型(SVAR)对中国的信贷支持(货币供给,信贷,利率)与房地产价格的动态关系和相互影响进行了实证研究.研究表明:货币供给扩张和利率紧缩都对房价产生稳定的长期拉动效应,但是房价上涨对货币供给的影响侧重于短期的收缩效应,而对利率的影响则偏重于长期的拉动作用;信贷扩张对房价存在为长期的推动作用,而房价上涨对信贷同时存在短期的拉动效应和长期的推动作用.基于此,本文认为货币供给工具和信贷工具以盯住房价为目标是可行的,而利率工具不宜盯住房价.     

房地产泡沫衡量指标的比较研究

自住需求和投资需求都是满足居住需要的正常需求,它们决定房产市场的基础价格;而投机需求是一种非正常需求,它决定泡沫价格。房价收入比主要是从自住需求角度来考察居民的购买承受力,房价租金比主要是从投资需求角度考察住房的投资价值,而空置率主要是从投机需求角度考察住房的闲置状况。因此,从投机角度得出的空置率,才能更准确地衡量房地产市场的泡沫程度,而房价收入比和房价租金比等指标只可以作为参考作用。     

房地产市场泡沫探讨

本文通过对房地产市场泡沫及成因的分析,从定性和定量角度判断我国房地产泡沫状况。提出在房价泡沫状态下,稳定房价就是维护泡沫长期化,将导致经济机体长期不健康,这与吹大房地产泡沫同样有很大的危害,本文提出了及时挤压房地产泡沫的一些具体建议。     

我国货币政策对房价作用时滞的实证分析

本文应用向量自回归模型的脉冲响应函数和预测方差分解的方法．对我国货币政策影响房价的外部时滞进行分析。利用2004年1月至2008年6月的月度数据测算出的结果是：信贷规模、狭义货币供应量和利率对房价的作用时滞分别为7个月、3个月和11个月。信贷规模和利率水平度对房价的冲击效应较小。而货币供应量对房价的冲击效应较为明显。央行在制定货币政策时应综合考虑货币工具的特点、作用时滞、经济形势和理性预期的影响。     

从货币的双重属性看货币的流动速度

针对我国货币流动速度不断下降的现象,主流观点从两个角度给予了解释,一个角度是"经济发展阶段论",另一个角度是"缺少投资渠道论"。从货币的双重属性出发,论证了货币已从传统的交换媒介转向了分配媒介,认为真实的货币流动速度是稳定的,观察到的货币流动速度下降现象来源于权力异化的幻觉。     

How Much Extra Premium Does a Loss-averse Owner-occupied Home Buyer Pay for His House?

The dual role of houses as durable consumption goods and as financial investments makes the option approach a suitable method for evaluating them. When the buyer of an owner-occupied home spends a large amount of money on a house, he pays the bill to cover not only construction costs but also the premium for an at-the-money call on the house. With loss aversion, he believes that if the house price rises from its current price (i.e., the strike price), he may make a profit by selling the house. On other hand, if the house price drops, he just keeps the house to wait for a better selling price, and treats the house as a durable good that provides him with shelter. The dual role of houses enables the homebuyer to enjoy the upside potential from the viewpoint of investment, but to eliminate the downside risk from the viewpoint of consumption. As a result, we propose that homebuyers are often willing to pay more for a house as a call premium. In addition, both the homeownership constraint and the homebuyer??s ambiguity aversion will influence his subjective evaluation of the call.     

Do Capital Flows Matter to Stock and House Prices? Evidence from China

This article analyzes the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and short-term capital flows, otherwise known as hot money, on stock and house prices in China. Empirical results, estimated using the local projections approach, reveal that a positive hot money net inflow shock significantly increases stock and house prices and the impacts persist for up to 1–2 months, while a positive FDI net inflow shock contributes significantly to lagged house price appreciation but has no effect on stock prices. This study also identifies negative pass-through effects of FDI net inflows on hot money net inflows and positive pass-through effects of stock prices on house prices.     

Understanding Housing Market Volatility

The Campbell–Shiller present value formula implies a factor structure for the price–rent ratio of housing market. Using a dynamic factor model, we decompose the price–rent ratios of 23 major housing markets into a national factor and independent local factors, and we link these factors to the economic fundamentals of the housing markets. We find that a large fraction of housing market volatility is local and that the national factor has become more important than local factors in driving housing market volatility since 1999, consistent with the findings in Del Negro and Otrok (2007). The local volatilities mostly are due to time variations of idiosyncratic housing market risk premia, not local growth. At the aggregate level, the growth and interest rate factors jointly account for less than half of the total variation in the price–rent ratio. The rest is due to the aggregate housing market risk premium and a pricing error. We find evidence that the pricing error is related to money illusion, especially at the onset of the recent housing market bubble. The rapid rise in housing prices prior to the 2008 financial crisis was accompanied by both a large increase in the pricing error and a large decrease in the housing market risk premium.     

收入差距与房地产价格泡沫：基于门槛效应研究

基于不同收入居民对住房消费品和投资品双重属性的偏好差异,结合居民的住房偏好特性,考量收入差距对房价收入比的影响。结果显示：收入差距对房价收入比的影响存在门槛效应：低于门槛值时,影响为抑制作用;高于门槛值时,影响转为促进作用,且随着收入差距进一步的扩大效应更为明显。鉴此,应聚焦缩小收入差距,合理引导居民住房消费与投资,以有效控制我国房地产价格泡沫趋势。     

Price Discovery in Near‐ and Away‐from‐the‐Money Option Markets

This paper examines the relative price discovery roles of near‐ and away‐from‐the‐money option markets. The evidence shows that, when considering multiple options with different strike prices jointly, option markets have an average information share of 17.6%. However, no individual option market dominates in the price discovery process, higher and lower trading activity options (i.e., near‐ and away‐from‐the‐money options, respectively) each contribute approximately equally to this process. The main implications of these results are that (1) collectively, option markets process a substantial amount of new stock price‐related information, and (2) looking across strike prices, option markets appear to be informationally nonredundant.     

Testing for Bubbles in Housing Markets: A Panel Data Approach

We employ recently developed cross-sectionally robust panel data tests for unit roots and cointegration to find whether house prices reflect house related earnings. We use U.S. data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with house price measured by the weighted-repeated-sales index and cash-flows by market tenants’ rents. In our full sample period, an error-correction model is not appropriate, i.e. there is a bubble. We then combine overlapping 10-year periods, price–rent ratios, and the panel data tests to construct a bubble indicator. The indicator is high for the late 1980s, early 1990s and since the late 1990s. Finally, evidence based on panel data Granger causality tests suggests that house price changes are helpful in predicting changes in rents and vice versa. CERGE-EI is a joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.     

通货膨胀、货币供给与房地产市场关系的实证研究——基于后危机时代数据的考察

我国在2009年底推出的经济政策导致房价和物价不断攀升,央行虽然采取紧缩措施进行应对,但物价和房价仍处高位。对我国货币供给、通货膨胀及房地产之间关系进行理论和实证分析的结果显示:货币供给增加能引起物价和房价上涨;房价上涨能引起物价上涨等。因此,为了更好地应对物价波动,货币政策需关注资产价格,同时应谨慎使用货币政策应对资产泡沫,并密切注意货币流动结构,维持货币供给流向与实体经济发展相适应。     

Stock market bubbles, inflation and investment risk

This paper proposes an autoregressive regime-switching model of stock price dynamics in which the process creates pricing bubbles in one regime while error-correction prevails in the other. In the bubble regime the stock price depends negatively on inflation. In the error-correction regime it depends on the price-dividend ratio. We find that the probability of regime-switch depends on exogenous inflation and lagged price. The model is consistent with Shleifer and Vishny's theoretical noise trader and arbitrageur model and Modigliani's inflation illusion phenomenon. The results emphasize the importance of inflation and the price-dividend ratio when assessing investment risk.     

我国房价的货币因素与宏观影响的动态传导研究——基于TVP-SV-VAR模型的分析

我国房地产和金融市场发展使房价进入到货币政策传导渠道中,房价与货币政策中介变量、宏观目标变量间的关系呈动态变动。本文通过TVP-SV-VAR模型研究发现:与M2和信贷相比,社会融资规模与房价的关系更稳定,且对彼此波动的反应更强;近些年房价波动对产出、物价波动的边际效应减弱,对金融稳定的影响仍较大,房价对外部因素波动的敏感性有所降低。建议国家应坚持稳定房价的总基调,把好货币供给闸门,合理管控社会融资规模增量,加强房地产各项融资监管;各地方政府应根据本地人口流入和住房库存等实际情况,合理推进房地产业发展,在发挥其积极作用的同时,防范区域金融风险。     

中国房地产市场价格泡沫与空间传染效应

本文使用对数周期性幂律(Log Period Power Law, LPPL)模型对房地产市场价格泡沫进行测度,运用空间计量模型对我国房地产市场价格泡沫和空间传染效应进行研究。LPPL模型认为由价格泡沫产生并最终破裂的金融市场与地震系统具有很多相似之处,即金融资产的价格呈周期性变化规律,价格持续上涨到临界状态直至反转。本文采用2010年6月至2017年11月间我国100个城市的房地产市场数据对各城市房地产价格泡沫进行测度和物理/经济空间传染效应研究。研究发现,LPPL模型能够对我国100个城市房地产价格泡沫进行甄别且主要存在两种泡沫状态:正向泡沫(房价持续上升)和反转泡沫(房价整体下降却存在反转点)。各个城市(地区)房地产价格具有较强的空间传染性;存在正向泡沫区域的空间传染性相较反转泡沫区域更为明显,在考虑经济空间测度而不是物理空间测度的情况下,各城市间的空间传染性更强。与现有文献不同,我们发现反转泡沫区域的新房价格指数特别是二手房价格指数的上升对周边城市的房地产价格指数存在强烈的正向推高影响。最后,本文发现城市的房地产调控政策在一定程度上抑制了房价传统影响(比如信贷、新房、二手房价等)因素的推高影响,但各城市房地产价格之间的联动变化特征应该引起监管部门的注意。