主发起人设立村镇银行的权衡与选择

农业和农村问题直接或间接地依赖于农村金融的支持和发展,中国银行业监督委员会的《若干意见》推进了村镇银行等新型农村金融机构的发展。村镇银行的设立与组建离不开银行业金融机构的参与,金融机构在村镇银行发起设立的过程中起到重要作用。文章对不同类型主发起人的村镇银行设立行为进行了探讨分析,结果表明村镇银行的设立行为受到地方经济发展水平及国家挂钩引导政策等影响,是不同类型主发起人的理性选择。     

村镇银行带来了什么

2006年12月20日,银监会出台《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策、更好地支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》;2007年3月1日,第一批村镇银行诞生。设立村镇银行是解决农村地区银行业金融机构网点覆盖率低、金融供给不足、竞争不充分等问题的创新之举,是切实提高农村金融服务充分性的具体行动。目前,全国已设立村镇银行20多家,资本金规模由几百万元到上亿元不等,设立主体包括国家开发银行、农村信用社、汇丰银行等中外资银行类金融机构。一年来,村镇银行的实际运行情况如何,是否达到了改革的初衷,村镇银行的监管和规范发展还存在哪些问题,需要及时总结和研究。为此,本期一线话题邀请中国人民银行辽源市中心支行行长裴绍军、中国银监会四川监管局局长王筠权、中国社会科学院农村发展研究所副所长杜晓山就村镇银行运行、监管和发展问题展开讨论。     

促进村镇银行健康发展的调查与思考

2006年12月银监会放宽农村银行业金融机构准入政策,2007年3月首批村镇银行在国内7个首批试点省诞生,2007年10月银监会宣布试点从7个省扩大到31个地区,2008年10月全国开设的村镇银行已经达到20多家。吉林省作为7个改革试点省份之一,在2007年获批村镇银行五家。村镇银行具有商业银行的特点和职能,可经营吸收公众存款,发放短期、中期和长期贷款,办理国内结算,办理票据承兑与贴现,从事同业拆借,从事银行卡业务、代理业务以及监管机构批准的其他业务。村镇银行又不同于其他银行业金融机构,它的设立宗旨主要为当地农民、     

金融排异视角下的村镇银行流动性困境——以浙江省长兴县联合村镇银行为例

2006年底,为解决农村地区银行业金融机构网点覆盖率低、金融供给不足、竞争不充分等问题,银监会发布了《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策,更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》,按照低门槛、严监管的原则,积极引导各类资本到农村地区投资设立村镇银行、贷款公司和农村资金互助社等新型农村金融机构。在这三种新型农村金融机构中,村镇银行目前成立的数量最多,发展状况也相对较好。但是从最初试点之时,村镇银行就面临流动性困境。在2007年5月22日,银监     

对我国村镇银行发展的思考

农村金融市场蕴含的巨大商机正吸引着各路资本纷纷前往,投资商业化经营的村镇银行是他们的目的,目前已经有了多家全国性商业银行、城市商业银行以及外资银行设立或计划设立村镇银行.所谓村镇银行,是指由境内外金融机构、境内非金融机构企业法人、境内自然人出资,在农村地区设立并主要为当地农民、农业和农村经济发展提供金融服务的银行业金融机构.从银监会公布的数据来看,目前已成立了40多家村镇银行,其中有20多家是由银行业金融机构控股,其他10多家是由非银行机构主导的.     

新型农村金融机构的贷款风险管理

2006年12月20日中国银监会发布了《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》,按照”低门槛、严监管”原则．引导各类资本到农村地区投资设立村镇银行、贷款公司和农村资金互助社等新型农村金融机构。随后．全国各地纷纷进行新型农村金融机构的试点建设工作．陆续组建了村镇银行、贷款公司、农村资金互助社等新型农村金融机构。     

村镇银行应缓入

2006年末，为了解决农村地区银行业金融机构网点覆盖率低、金融供给不足、竞争不充分的问题，中国银行业监督管理委员会放宽了农村地区银行业金融机构市场准入的条件，鼓励企业和个人出资筹办村镇银行业金融机构，以此促进农村地区金融服务的发展。但是就目前某些地区的农村来看，村镇银行应缓入，或者说在设立村镇银行之前还应改善现有金融机构和完善某些机制。     

村镇银行生存发展面临的困境及对策——以鄂尔多斯为例

<正>一、鄂尔多斯辖内村镇银行发展现状根据《村镇银行管理暂行规定》,村镇银行是由境内外金融机构、境内非金融企业法人、境内自然人出资,在农村地区设立的主要为当地农业和农村经济发展提供金融服务的银行业金融机构。设立村镇银行是解决现有农村地区金融机构覆盖率低、资金供给不足、竞争不充分、金融服务缺位等"金融抑制"问题的创新之举,对于促进农村地区投资多元、种     

构建村镇银行的思考

为进一步深化农村金融体制改革,促进农村经济的快速健康发展,银监会于2006年12月22日首次提出村镇银行这一概念,明确村镇银行属一级法人机构,村镇银行就是为当地农户或企业提供服务的银行业金融机构。允许设立村镇银行,是切实提高农村金融服务充分性的具体行     

走近福建省首家村镇银行——访福建建瓯石狮村镇银行行长李妹玉

2006年末。银监会调整放宽了农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策,引入村镇银行等微型金融制度,并逐步将试点范围扩大到全国31个省（市、区）;2010年5月,国务院发布《关于鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的若干意见》（“新36条”）,鼓励民间资本发起或参与设立村镇银行等金融机构,放宽村镇银行或社区银行中法人银行最低出资比例的限制。     

Are Bank Holding Companies a Source of Strength to Their Banking Subsidiaries?

I document evidence that a bank affiliated with a multi-bank holding company (MBHC) is significantly safer than either a stand-alone bank or a bank affiliated with a one-bank holding company. Not only does MBHC affiliation reduce the probability of future financial distress, but distressed affiliated banks are also more likely to receive capital injections, recover more quickly, and are less likely to fail over the next year. Moreover, the measured benefits of affiliation are much larger than those that existed before recent reforms of bank holding company regulation, suggesting that much of the observed benefit can be attributed to regulation and not the market.     

Evidence on the role of holding company acquisitions in the management of bank capital

This article addresses the issue of the impact of bank acquisitions on the capital positions of acquired banks. The hypothesis tested is that acquisition-related capital changes reflect divergent capital-related acquisition motives which induce significant infusion of capital into some acquired banks and significant withdrawals from others.This study confirms that,on average, bank holding company acquisitions reduce the relative capital position of acquired banks, but it also indicates that this average effect masks evidence that acquisitions contribute to relative increases in capital in a significant subset of acquired banks. The results herein demonstrate that results of prior studies regarding the impact of acquisition and/or holding company affiliation on bank capital positions suffer from misspecification.The finding that there are divergent implications of acquisition for capital growth is consistent with the notion that acquisitions by bank holding companies may be providing important financial synergies to the banking industry by serving as a mechanism for relatively efficient reallocation of equity capital among affiliated banks.The authors wish to acknowledge helpful comments and suggestions of Harold Black, Tom Boehm, Ronnie Clayton, Stephen Rhoades, and anonymous referees.     

Are regulatory capital adequacy ratios good indicators of bank failure? Evidence from US banks

Motivated by massive bank failures during the financial crisis, this paper examines whether capital adequacy ratios required by regulators are associated with bank failure. It investigates whether the association is affected by the bank's proximity to the minimum required capital ratios. If results show a significant association between regulatory capital and failure of banks falling below the minimum capital ratios, then the ratios are set at an adequate level. Examining a sample of 560 US bank holding companies for the period 2003–2009, results reveal that the association between the core (Tier 1) capital ratio and bank failure becomes significant only if the bank holding company has a Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 6%. This is the level below which US bank regulators do not regard banks as being well capitalized. During the financial crisis period of 2007–2009, there is a significant association only when the criterion is set at or above 8%. Market-based probability of default is more significantly associated with failure relative to Tier 1 capital ratio. The findings of this paper are relevant to regulatory policy discussions and Basel III deliberations on capital adequacy at times of financial turmoil.     

统筹城乡发展亟待完善农村金融支持体系

本文通过对我国农村资本供给状况进行分析,发现看似完善的金融体系没有提供农村经济发展所需要的资金,未能有效地发挥金融机构的职能,指出统筹城乡发展亟待完善我国农村金融资本支持体系,提出使农村信用社成为农村金融资本支持体系的主体,使农业发展银行成为农村金融支持体系的有力支柱,引导商业银行为农业提供商业性金融服务,允许民间资本进入农村金融支持体系等对策建议。     

新型农村金融组织的可持续性发展研究——以宁夏为例

2005年,我国在部分省(市)开始村镇银行、贷款公司、农村资金互助社、小额贷款公司等新型农村金融组织的试点工作。2007年在全国范围开展新型农村金融组织的推广工作,推动农村金融体制改革走向深入,逐步解决三农融资需求问题。推广期间,宁夏的村镇银行、小额贷款公司、贫困村村级互助资金等新型金融组织发展速度较快,有力支持了三农的发展。本文通过对宁夏村镇银行、小额贷款公司、贫困村村级互助资金等新型金融组织的实际调研,深入分析其发展中存在的困难和问题,探索新型农村金融组织可持续发展的有效途径。     

Regulating financial conglomerates

We analyze the risk-taking incentives of a financial conglomerate that combines a bank and a non-bank financial intermediary. The conglomerate's risk-taking incentives depend on the level of market discipline it faces, which in turn is determined by the conglomerate's liability structure. We examine optimal capital regulation for standalone institutions, for integrated conglomerates and holding company conglomerates. We show that, when capital requirements are set optimally, capital arbitrage within holding company conglomerates can raise welfare by increasing market discipline. Because they have a single balance sheet, integrated conglomerates extend the reach of the deposit insurance safety net to their non-bank divisions. We show that the extra risk-taking that this effect causes may wipe out the diversification benefits within integrated conglomerates. We discuss the policy implications of these results.     

Can the “Single Point of Entry” strategy be used to recapitalize a systemically important failing bank?

The Single Point of Entry (SPOE)—the FDIC strategy to implement its new Dodd–Frank Orderly Liquidation Authority (OLA)—promises to reduce the financial market turmoil caused by the failure of a large complex financial institution by using parent holding company resources to recapitalize its large failing subsidiary banks. We identify legal and financial impediments that may prevent the use of a SPOE strategy for this purpose. Dodd–Frank does not authorize bank recapitalizations through SPOE or otherwise, and the OLA cannot be invoked unless the failure of a subsidiary puts the parent in danger of default. The imprecise legislative language that authorizes OLA creates a new source of systemic risk. Regulations required to operationalize SPOE will require bank holding companies to issue a substantial volume of new subordinated debt, increasing these institutions’ leverage and financial fragility. Unless the Dodd–Frank Act is amended, OLA could well magnify and not reduce market instability in the next financial crisis.     

金融支持低碳经济发展的现状及对策

低碳经济离不开实体经济的发展和壮大,而金融支持则为实体经济的发展和经济结构的转型提供了契机,金融机构的积极参与会将商品市场、能源市场和资本市场有效结合。本文从我国发展低碳经济的必要性入手,分析了我国碳金融发展的现状和存在的问题,尝试构建我国碳金融体系的基本框架,从商业银行、证券公司、保险公司、基金公司、资信评级机构和投资咨询机构六个方面探讨我国金融支持低碳经济发展的路径和桶快低碳进程的有效策略。     

Rethinking bank shareholder equity: The case of Deutsche Bank

We introduce and apply an innovative accounting approach to analyse the equity position of a European systemically important financial institution, Deutsche Bank, between 2001 and 2015. According to our findings, the actual contribution by shareholders to bank equity capital was limited, while shareholder payout policies, including share buybacks and trading on its own shares, were both material. These findings raise concerns on the actual capacity by shareholder equity to assure protection against (residual) risk and loss absorption. Customer and investor protections appear to lay with bank entity equity dynamics. These findings have implications for bank financial sustainability and resilience, company capital maintenance, and regulatory capital requirements. Further developments based upon this innovative methodology may improve on existing prudential and accounting regulations.     

FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS WITHIN BANK HOLDING COMPANIES

This study explores financial transactions within bank holding companies in both a theoretical and an empirical context. Empirical analysis focuses on two major types of interaffiliate financial transactions—extensions of credit and transfers of assets—between holding company banks and their nonbank affiliates (defined to include the parent company and nonbank subsidiaries of the parent) over the period 1976–1980. The data generally point to a net downstream flow of funds from the nonbank sector to the bank sector of a holding company, with the downstream fund flows particularly strong in the case of extensions of credit. In part, this result may reflect the statutory restrictions on bank lending to affiliates, particularly the collateral requirements.