CDM国际合作中的技术交流障碍与对策研究

在发展低碳经济、应对气候变化过程中,低碳技术成为气候保护的有效措施,更加迅速、有效地在发展中国家发展、转移、传播与分配低碳技术对于CDM国际合作起着至关重要的作用。分析目前CDM国际合作中的技术交流现状与存在的障碍,并提出促进CDM国际合作中技术交流的应有机制具有现实的重要意义。     

Market-based incentives in South Africa and Zambia: A comparative analysis of the clean development mechanism

The clean development mechanism (CDM) is intended to serve as a market-based incentive that is both efficient and cost-effective for eligible developing countries. The analysis contained in this article explores why, in theory, such an attractive incentive opportunity has been so under-utilised in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper compares the experience of the CDM in South Africa and Zambia. These two Southern African countries were selected because of their varying levels of statehood, South Africa being an emerging, middle-income economy while Zambia is classified as a least developed country. General challenges affecting the CDM were identified in the literature to be awareness, capacity, eligibility and access to finance. The paper then compares how these overarching issues specifically impact the CDM experience in South Africa and Zambia. The paper finds that common complexities relating to the CDM have varying implications for eligible host countries at different levels of statehood.     

Reporting Bias and Monitoring in Clean Development Mechanism Projects*

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a flexible carbon market mechanism managed by the United Nations. The program grants tradable carbon emissions credits (Certified Emission Reductions) for carbon‐reducing projects in developing countries. A project can only be admitted to the program if it is not financially profitable, and thus would not take place without the emission credits granted through the CDM. In this paper, we examine how monitoring reduces incentives of companies to bias the reported expected financial viability of potential CDM projects to gain admission to the program. We find that reported rates of return, which are a key factor for admission to the program, tend to be downwardly biased and are negatively associated with the expected benefits stemming from forecasted greenhouse gas reductions. However, monitoring from various sources mitigates some of the distorted incentives and related reporting bias. Furthermore, the monitoring effect becomes much stronger after 2008, when the CDM Executive Board implemented a series of measures to strengthen the additionality testing that provides guidance for program applications.     

A real options study on cook stove CDM project under emission allowance price uncertainty

South Korea is one of the countries that have been actively involved in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global climate action as a party to the Paris Agreement. As the national emissions reduction target has been getting reinforced, an increasing number of South Korean firms have been participating into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to secure CER credits, one of which is the ‘improved energy-efficient cook-stove distribution project’ in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to develop a real options model to analyze investment decisions on cook-stove distribution CDM project in Myanmar, where we estimate the optimal threshold CER price that makes the investment economically feasible. We also analyze the sensitivity of the threshold price across the investment parameters. The results show that our project was economically feasible at the time the project was launched, as the KOC prices were generally higher than the investment threshold price. The sharp decline of the KOC prices in 2020, however, deteriorated the economic feasibility of the project. The results suggest that various risk factors should be incorporated before making investment decisions.     

基于熵值法的中国省际绿色发展综合评价与分析

从经济发展质量与潜力、资源利用与环境保护、绿色政策与民生保障3个维度,选取31个二级指标构建中国绿色发展综合评价体系,并采用熵值法对30个省区市2013—2018年的绿色发展水平进行评估,同时对各省各区域间的发展差异程度展开分析。结果显示,中国省际绿色发展水平逐渐提高,大部分省市发展速度较快,具有发展绿色经济的潜力;省市间的绿色发展水平差距在逐步缩小,但是区域间梯度差异明显,呈现分化现象。     

纯电动公交车与区域电源结构协同发展的碳排放效益研究

纯电动汽车以其绿色环保而得到了政府的关注与支持，我国电动汽车行业迅速发展，纯电动公交车在城市的占比日益增加，且纳入了各个区域的发展规划。在以火力发电为主的区域，推行电动公交车是将碳排放转移到了发电侧，并不能实现真正意义上的零排放。所以在考虑线损、充放电效率以及负载等因素的基础上，基于相同的出行服务构建了纯电动汽车碳排放计算模型，并以北京市为例计算了合理的适合大力发展纯电动公交车的电源结构，为区域纯电动公交车的发展提供了参考。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目在中国区域分布结构——基于中国各省市面板数据的实证研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)是我国实现低碳经济发展的需要。文章考察了我国2007-2012年31个省、市、自治区的CDM项目数量,借鉴离散型非线性模型——负二项式模型,运用面板数据对CDM在中国区域分布结构进行回归分析。结果表明,地区人均GDP、电力消费、第三产业发展水平以及外商投资对CDM项目分布结构存在影响:地区人均GDP和第三产业发展水平对CDM项目分布存在负向影响;电力消费对CDM项目分布存在正向影响;外商投资与CDM项目则存在非线性U型关系。最后,从我国碳减排、碳交易市场建立方面给出政策启示。     

Are China's trade interests overestimated? Evidence from firms’ importing behavior and pollution emissions

Importing is an important driving force for a country's economic growth. While importing promotes the expansion of economic scale, does it also lead the increase of pollution emissions in production? In this paper, we establish a micro theoretical model to analyze the impacts of importing on firms’ environmental performance, and then use the data of China's manufacturing firms for empirical tests. We show that the importing of intermediate goods or capital goods will lead to the increase of firms’ production scale, and thereby increasing their total emissions, which suggests that China's environment will be deteriorated by importing. On the other hand, importing also has some positive environmental effects that firms will increase their abatement investment after importing intermediate goods or capital goods, thus firms’ emission intensity can be effectively reduced. Altogether, this paper provides important evidence on the impacts of importing on pollution emissions at product-level. We suggest that when analyzing China's interests in trade, the environmental effects of trade should be taken into consideration, otherwise China's gains from trade will be overestimated. This paper also has important implications that while developing the economy through international trade, the government should strengthen environmental protection and advocate green trade.     

西藏环境保护与城市可持续发展

西藏环境保护和城市可持续发展是该区重点研究和要解决的重要问题之一.该地区虽然开发较晚、发展较缓,环境污染较轻,但它本身自然环境较脆弱,城市污染也出现苗头,必须引起人们的高度重视.实现西藏生态保护与城市可持续发展的任务,就要做到:加强生态保护宣传,提高人们的可持续发展意识;提高城市规划决策水平,树立科学的发展观;因地制宜,制定恰当合理的治理发展措施;充分发掘民族文化,为西藏城市的发展提供保障.     

Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis

This paper aims at overcoming several shortcomings of previous empirical studies on the relationship between IPR protection and FDI. First of all, we use sectorally disaggregated FDI data for a large sample of host countries. Second, we address the proposition that stronger IPR protection raises not only the quantity but also the quality of FDI. Third, we check to which extent the relationship between IPR protection and FDI is affected by applying alternative measures of IPR protection. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis that the threat of an unauthorized use of intellectual-property-related assets and, thus, FDI depends on industry as well as host-country characteristics. Furthermore, stronger IPR protection may help induce high-quality FDI. JEL no. F21, F23     

Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis

This paper aims at overcoming several shortcomings of previous empirical studies on the relationship between IPR protection and FDI. First of all, we use sectorally disaggregated FDI data for a large sample of host countries. Second, we address the proposition that stronger IPR protection raises not only the quantity but also the quality of FDI. Third, we check to which extent the relationship between IPR protection and FDI is affected by applying alternative measures of IPR protection. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis that the threat of an unauthorized use of intellectual-property-related assets and, thus, FDI depends on industry as well as host-country characteristics. Furthermore, stronger IPR protection may help induce high-quality FDI. JEL no. F21, F23     

新疆经济与环境：问题、破解

新疆自然资源丰富,但是生态环境系统极其脆弱。与全国相比,新疆经济增长过度依赖于能源消耗,致使自然资源的破坏严重。新疆能源消耗结构不合理,煤炭为能源消费的主体,电力消费居高不下;高耗能行业产能及消费量增长迅速;新增企业中高耗能行业能源消费占九成以上。因此,本文认为应坚持生态立区的发展途径,结合新疆环境自身的特点,重点强化各级政府节能环保意识;调整优化产业结构,加快构建节能型产业体系;抓好重点耗能企业节能工作;开发清洁、多样化的可替代能源,全面推行清洁生产;建立健全严格的建设项目环境准入机制,提高企业环境准入门槛;加强企业保护生态环境的社会责任心;平衡地区发展,对落后地区的生态发展进行合理补偿。     

知识产权保护与南北技术扩散

本文将知识产权保护对跨国公司进入策略的影响纳入南北技术扩散的两阶段博弈模型,分析了南方国家为获得更多技术溢出而进行的知识产权保护的政策选择。认为南方国家最优知识产权保护力度应为刚够吸引FDI的程度,任何加强保护的措施将增加南方国家企业的成本,从而降低南方国家企业的利润,并损害消费者福利。通过进一步分析知识产权保护的影响因素发现,通过关税和知识产权保护制度的组合政策可以吸引FDI进入对南方国家溢出效应较好的产业。     

Impact of Terrorism on Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As): Prevalence,Frequency and Intensity

This paper contributes to the literature on the impact of terrorism on international business by focusing on the specific case of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) using bilateral data for 59 countries over the period 2000–2011. We are interested in the following set of questions: (a) the impact of source and host country terrorism on bilateral M&A flows using various measures of terrorism (i.e. prevalence, frequency and intensity); (b) whether terrorism affects developing countries differently; (c) whether good institutions in developing host countries can offset the negative effects of terrorism; and (d) whether terrorism incidents in a particular economy has negative spillovers to its neighbors. To preview the main conclusions, we find that an augmented gravity model fits the data well. While the occurrence of terrorism in either the host or source does not appear to have any impact on bilateral M&A, the frequency and intensity of terrorist attacks significantly deter M&A flows, especially in the latter. We also find that good institutions negate the impact of terrorist attacks in the developing host country. There is also some evidence that regional spillovers reduce M&As in the host country.     

中国经济增长与环境污染之间关系的理论解释与贝叶斯回归分析

环境污染在两个方面改变了经济增长模型,一方面它是产出的联合产品,另一方面它给消费者带来负效用。我们分析了以下几个问题：环境保护与经济增长是否相容;长期来看无污染积累的可持续增长是否可能;环境对经济增长的影响;如果引入环境因素,我们关注的关键变量如：收入、消费、资本以及环境污染的最优路径如何变化,据此可以推出哪些可驳斥的推断;观测数据与环境库茨涅茨曲线的理论推断特征是否相符。文章根据标准的经济学理论基础假设构建了一个理论模型,在设定了偏好、技术、禀赋、信息后,求出动态一般均衡解路径。使用环境污染的观测数据,附加关键参数的先验分布,运用贝叶斯推断求出参数的后验分布对理论模型的推断进行验证。文章的主要贡献是对环境库茨涅茨曲线采用了不同于传统回归分析的贝叶斯回归技术,并得出了有意义的分析结果。     

Intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

The deterioration of pollution problem has increased environmental disputes. However, little is known about the relationship between intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations. Regarding the establishment of environmental courts in China as an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, this paper identifies the impact and mechanism of environmental courts on corporate green innovations. We find that: (1) environmental courts have a significant positive impact on green innovations. However, by employing instrument variable (IV) strategy to alleviate the endogenous issues, we find environmental courts mainly promote the quantity of green innovations; (2) the positive effect on green innovations is more salient for firms in the industry with high pollution intensity, state-owned enterprises, and firms in regions with stricter mass supervision; (3) environmental courts can improve the efficiency of dealing with environmental disputes and alleviate the collaboration between government and firms. Therefore, it could promote corporate green innovations with the increasing pressure for pollution abatement; (4) environmental courts could cause additional costs to firms, such as crowding out non-green innovations and decreasing corporate TFP in the short term. Meanwhile, the establishment of environmental courts could also achieve specific social welfare effects, which is conducive to improving local environmental quality. This paper provides implications for judicial oversight of regulators on environmental protection.     

西部12省(区、市)经济发展战略定位比较及其评估

比较西部12省(区、市)的总体发展战略、经济发展战略、经济发展具体操作性方略的共性和差异性,可以发现:西部省(区、市)经济发展战略须与中央经济发展战略保持一致、契合当地总体发展战略的方向和思路、因应内外发展环境、符合当地发展实际。经济发展战略的基本框架涵盖"三化"政策、产业发展政策、区域协调发展政策、经济体制改革和对外开放政策、科技创新和人才队伍建设政策、基础配套政策、生态环保政策和特殊政策。在制定西部经济发展战略时,要用好用活用足中央给予的优惠政策;吸收其他省(区、市)经济发展战略和具体举措;促进省际联动;着力弥补经济发展中的"短板";成立多方组成的智库,使经济发展战略的制定更趋科学化;加强宣传,注重舆论引导;重视人才队伍建设;搞好配套建设。     

中国在当前国际碳排放权交易中最优出口规模研究

国际碳排放权交易是在应对全球气候变化过程中提出的以成本最小化方式实现污染排放控制的环境政策机制。目前,中国主要通过清洁发展机制(CDM)来参与国际碳交易,并出口相应的核证减排量。CDM项目在我国发展迅速,出口的核证减排量呈显著上升态势,然而本文认为,当前CDM项目的开发并不是越多越好。因为碳减排的空间是有限的,考虑未来减排压力和减排成本的增加,当前碳排放权的出口量存在最优规模问题。本文通过建立两阶段最优化模型,对这一问题进行了详细讨论。在此基础上结合当前国际碳交易现状,指出了中国参与其中遭遇的问题与相应启示。     

面向协调发展的火电行业效率综合评价

目前我国电能开发与环境保护的冲突日益严重,尤其是火电生产与环境保护的冲突已成为我国政府、企业界和学术界必须正视的严重问题。文章利用DEA模型,检验了我国火电行业的电能生产和环境的协调发展效率及其变换趋势。结果显示,只有在市场化、企业改革和建立现代监管三个方面同时取得成效的时候,我国电力行业的绩效才会取得明显提高,同时得出在火电行业改革过程中的一些大事件发生或政策调整时火电行业协调发展效率可能出现一度下降趋势。     

西部大开发与经济立法

借鉴美国、日本等国开发落后地区的法律实践,我国西部大开发也应走依法开发的道路.要以宪法为基础立法,坚持以可持续发展为指导思想立法,严格按市场经济规律立法,对西部区域范围、西部开发财政制度、税改制度、土地制度、劳动力资源制度、环保制度、科技开发等作出明确规定,以促进西部地区振兴.