全面二孩政策对中国中长期粮食安全形势的影响

本文将人口结构对粮食需求的影响纳入到粮食供需分析当中,基于不同人口增长情景以及粮食综合生产能力,分析全面二孩政策对我国中长期粮食安全形势的影响。研究结果表明,虽然短期内中国粮食供需平衡,但全面二孩政策在中长期将显著增加粮食需求,并在一定程度上考验未来粮食供给保障能力。若未来粮食供给能力只能维持在目前规划设计的5.5亿吨粮食综合生产能力,那么全面二孩政策下将出现严重的粮食供需缺口,预计2029—2030年供需缺口最高峰将达到7800~8500万吨,缺口率为12.5%~13.3%。2025—2030年是粮食消费需求和供需缺口的峰值阶段,应该提前做好充分准备,确保平稳度过最具挑战的阶段。     

我国稻谷口粮消费特征及其趋势预测

[目的]稻谷是我国居民消费的第一大主粮,占到居民口粮消费60%,是我国最重要的粮食产品,研究稻谷口粮消费趋势对于保证粮食安全、指导粮食生产具有重要意义。[方法]基于对稻谷口粮总体以及分品种消费特征分析,进行人均消费水平预测,运用时间趋势外推法,结合对我国人口总数、人口结构的判断,研究测算2020年、2030年我国稻谷口粮消费总量、产量需求量和分品种消费结构。[结果]预测结果表明, 2020年、2030年稻谷口粮宏观消费量为1.51亿、1.42亿t,产量需求为1.62亿、1.53亿t,与2016年相比,分别下降5.5%、10.8%。其中粳稻口粮宏观消费量为0.63亿、0.64亿t,产量需求为0.67亿、0.68亿t。[结论]因此在未来稻谷生产方面,应根据国内实际需求,适当缩小稻谷种植面积,扩大粳稻种植比例;促进优质水稻生产,满足不断升级的消费需求;应提高稻谷收割、加工技术,改善稻谷储存条件,完善现代化物流运输体系,以减少稻谷产后损耗。     

中国需要大量进口玉米吗

6月6日,世界银行发布2014年6月中国经济简报,专题研究中国粮食消费结构的转变对国内供给和国际贸易的影响.研究认为,中国粮食消费量将不断增长,由于国内生产增长受到限制,玉米和大豆的进口量将不断增加,预测到2020年中国玉米产量为2.2亿吨,2030年为2.43亿吨;预测到2020年中国玉米需求量会达到2.4亿吨,2030年达到2.85亿吨,使玉米的供求缺口加剧.     

2050年全球粮食问题展望

<正>根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)预测,2050年,世界人口将达到峰值90亿,在目前基础上粮食消费将新增10亿吨,而目前粮食产量只能满足23亿吨的需求。     

中国超级杂交稻发展现状与趋势

据有关资料介绍，到2030年世界人口将达到85亿-90亿，以稻米消费为主的人口将增至42亿-45亿．中国到2030年人口将达到16亿．按人均粮食占有量400公斤计算．粮食总需求量将达到6．4亿吨。按水稻产量占全国粮食总产量中的40％计算．未来30年中国稻谷需求量将从现在的2亿吨增至2．56亿吨。由此看来，粮食消费的刚性增长不可逆转。同时．为了改善生态环境．国家正在实行退耕还牧、退田还湖、退耕还林的政策。     

SSPs-RCPs耦合情景下我国永久基本农田划定研究

研究目的：服务国家粮食永续安全目标，面向未来情景确定永久基本农田管控数量和明确位置。研究方法：设定共享社会经济路径－代表性浓度路径（SSPs-RCPs）耦合情景，建立永久基本农田保有量模型，构建农业气候条件、地形和连片性、土壤环境健康、农田基础设施四维划定体系。研究结果：（1）2035年、2050年中国大陆人均粮食需求量分别为591.37 kg/a和548.92 kg/a，粮食总需求量分别为8.54亿~8.90亿t、7.35亿~8.13亿t。（2）2035年全国粮食平均可实现生产潜力为（7 729.41±1 699.99）~（7 828.68±1 739.41） kg/hm2，2050年为（8 126.89±1 828.73）~（8 661.90±2 100.90） kg/hm2，其中水稻优势产区位于黄淮海和长江中下游平原区，小麦位于黄土高原区和黄淮海平原区，玉米位于黄淮海平原区。（3）2035年、2050年永久基本农田理论应保量分别为0.98亿~1.11亿hm2、0.86亿~0.99亿hm2，黑龙江、山东、河南等省份应保量最多。研究结论：遵循底线思维和择优划入原则，2035年将1.12亿hm2的1—5级耕地、2050年将1.02亿hm2的划入1—4级耕地划为永久基本农田即可满足我国粮食安全需求。     

平衡膳食模式视角下粮食需求预测

[目的]随着时代的进步和社会经济的发展,对粮食安全内涵的理解也在逐步深化,粮食安全内涵不仅包括数量方面,还包括营养健康安全,保障居民营养健康成为粮食安全的新时代内涵。基于营养目标的粮食需求研究,建立营养—消费—生产的粮食生产模式,对引导居民合理健康消费和保障粮食安全具有十分重要的意义。[方法]文章首先分析了我国城乡居民营养消费状况,然后基于平衡膳食模式视角,引入标准人消费系数这一概念对我国未来粮食需求进行了更准确的预测。[结果]城镇居民粮食消费已达到高营养目标,但目前农村居民仅达到低营养目标水平,相当于21世纪初的城镇消费水平;考虑人口结构因素,2020年和2030年粮食需求总量分别为4.8亿t和5.6亿t,比没有考虑人口结构变化时分别减少8700万t和2 600万t。[结论]根据分析结果,提出以下几点政策建议:(1)宣传普及营养健康消费知识,引导居民合理膳食;(2)关注人口结构变动,及时调整粮食安全调控机制;(3)优化食品工业的产业机构升级,提高饲料粮转化率。     

2020年中国粮食需求结构分析及预测——基于营养标准的视角

本文在分析中国粮食需求用途结构和品种结构变化特征的基础上,从合理营养标准的视角确定人均食物需求,预测了2020年中国主要粮食用途和品种的需求数量。预测结果表明,中国粮食需求总量稳步增长,2020年达到约6.1亿吨;需求结构将发生明显变化,饲料用粮预计达到2.98亿吨,将取代口粮在中国粮食用途中排第一位;玉米需求量预计达到2.3亿吨,将超过稻谷成为未来中国粮食消费的最主要品种。     

气候变化对我国粮食安全的均衡分析

文章基于一般均衡模型构建了A2与B2两种气候变化情景下我国未来社会发展状况,以叶立明等人的研究成果(2030年与2050年我国三大粮食单产变化)作为政策冲击要件,模拟并分析了2030年与2050年我国粮食供给与需求状况。研究结果表明:A2与B2两种气候变化政策情景下的粮食供给与需求存在较大差异,但中低排放情景下的B2气候变化政策情景对我国粮食供需平衡更为有利;针对分品种粮食供需不平衡的状况,该文认为可以从调整种植结构的角度来改善;尽管政策情景下未来粮食供求较为乐观,但影响粮食安全的社会因素较多,保障粮食安全切不可掉以轻心。     

我国饲料粮发展与粮食安全问题探讨

一、饲料粮的发展与粮食安全关系密切 伴随畜牧业及饲料工业的高速发展,全社会对精饲料的需求越来越大.据预测,我国到2010的人口将达到13.6亿,对粮食的总需求量约为5.4亿吨,到2030年我国人口将达16亿左右,对粮食需求将达6.4亿吨.因此,未来饲料粮供应还面临很大压力.我国人均耕地少,而粮食(谷物)基本上只能在耕地上生产.尽管粮食单产还有增产潜力,但要进一步提高单产要付出的代价将越来越高.因此,中国的粮食资源是特别宝贵的,在粮食(谷物)的消费上应该尽可能地精打细算.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.