新形势下健全农村土地流转市场的路径分析

土地流转事关农村稳定与发展大局.一个统一、规范、有序的土地流转市场,是农村土地承包经营权流转健康发展的保障,也是实现农村土地生产力诸要素的合理配置和适度规模经营,大幅度提高农地生产力和农业劳动生产率以及统筹城乡经济发展的有效措施.但在实际操作中,则存在诸多制约因素,如何建立健全农地流转市场,需采取多种路径措施,妥善进行.     

四步联动 推进土地流转

近年来,江苏省扬州市邗江区紧紧围绕统筹城乡发展的战略部署,以科学发展观为统揽,以服务农民集中居住为出发点和落脚点,强势推进了以转包、租赁和股份合作为主要内容的土地流转工作,取得了明显成效。截止2010年底,全区共流转土地13.6万亩,有效地整合了土地资源,更好地促进了城乡一体化发展。     

加快月河川道产业带建设 打造安康经济新的增长极

充分利用月河川道交通便捷、人口稠密、土地条件好的优势,打造东起汉滨区关庙镇,西至石泉县古堰镇的百公里经济长廊,加速形成“要素集中、产业聚集、效益最佳、充满活力”的月河川道产业带,是安康市委、市政府实施非均衡发展战略,推进新型工业化,统筹城乡发展的重大举措。     

城乡统筹推动农地承包经营权的流转

实行农村土地流转是进一步完善和发展家庭承包制、推动我国农村经济发展的客观要求。但目前土地流转受农地供给主体、需求主体及交易环境的限制，因此，在现行城乡统筹的发展战略下，通过统筹城乡产业发展、统筹城乡劳动力市场、统筹城乡社会保障制度及优化农地流转的制度环境，推进土地承包经营权的流转。     

河源市统筹城乡发展现状、问题与路径优化

统筹城乡发展是河源市“十四五”时期的核心工作，对促进河源市经济高质量发展有重要作用。文章从总体概况、城乡要素流动、城乡宜居、城乡治理、产城融合等方面分析了河源市统筹城乡发展现状，总结出河源市城乡统筹中存在的问题，提出了具体的优化路径。研究发现，河源市城乡发展取得了一定成绩，但距离城乡统筹的目标还有一定差距，存在城乡间要素流动不畅、城乡产业支撑不足、城乡基础设施建设滞后、城乡土地利用效率不高等问题，应从健全统筹城乡要素流动机制、提升城乡统筹发展能力、完善城乡基础设施建设以及加快土地利用转型等方面改进现有城乡统筹工作，促进河源市城乡统筹目标的实现。     

全域土地综合整治跨乡镇实施的思考与探索

<正>核心提示本文认为,跨乡镇实施全域土地综合整治须重点解决传统土地整治城乡功能联动弱、资源整合力度小、项目实施动力低、乡村产业延伸差等问题,新一轮改革应坚持“全域要素统筹、城乡功能融合、组织机制一体”的核心取向,从建立“整治+规划”双向协同、“增减+增存+增效”多维指标挂钩等方面系统推进。     

土地信托流转有助破解流转难题

农村土地信托流转是一项与农村土地制度、与农民切身利益密切相关的制度创新。相对于传统的流转方式,土地信托流转,有利于强化区域产业发展的前瞻性、公共资源配置的引领性和统筹城乡发展的战略性,更好地整合区域资源,更好地提供信息沟通、     

规范推进土地流转与促进城乡统筹发展——来自成都市温江区的报告

实践证明,农村土地流转能促进高效特色农业发展、加快统筹城乡发展步伐、促进农民更新观念和增加农民收入。本文在总结成都市温江区通过建立健全规模经营的社会化服务体系、开展农民承包地实测确权颁证工作及加大土地向规模经营集中的政策扶持力度等举措推进农村土地流转、促进城乡统筹发展经验的基础上,针对土地流转经营中存在的流转纠纷、流转管理监督机制不健全、土地规模经营水平不高等问题,提出了加快农村土地流转、促进城乡统筹发展的政策建议。     

论城乡统筹发展背景下城乡统一土地市场构建

研究目的分析城乡统筹发展对土地资源配置要求,找出影响城乡统一土地市场构建的制度性障碍,为土地制度改革和土地市场建设提供理论基础.研究方法文献资料法.研究结论(1)构建城乡统一土地市场是城乡统筹发展的必然选择;(2)构建城乡统一土地市场要改革城乡分割的制度性障碍,建设和完善土地征用市场、国有土地(废弃地)流转市场、集体土地使用权出让市场和城乡统一居住用地市场.     

南京郊县的"三个集中"之道

党的十六届三中全会提出了“五个统筹”的科学发展观，并把“统筹城乡发展”摆在“五个统筹”之首，作为解决“三农”问题的根本指导思想。统筹南京城乡发展难点在郊县，而郊县的难点在农村。当前，南京市正处于经济社会结构加速转型的关键时期。郊县工业化和城镇化进程显著加快，以推进“三个集中”（工业向园区集中、农民居住向城镇集中、土地向规模经营集中）为抓手，整合郊县资源、统筹区域发展已成为构建南京和谐社会的重要内容。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.