新闻事件：湖南宜章老人和特殊群体可免费乘公交

5月27日上午。湖南宜章汽车总站顺新公交公司IC卡办理服务台前排起了“长龙”,一些老年朋友纷纷踊跃办理IC卡。宜章县此次发行的公交IC卡分为老年人卡、残疾人卡和拥军卡三类。     

预付费售电的利与弊

预付费售电系统包括IC卡预付费电度表和为IC卡预付费电度表开发的售电管理系统.IC卡预付费电度表是一种可根据IC卡携带信息控制用户用电的新型电度表,表内插入IC卡,电度表自动将卡中电量读入表中,用户用电即开始走表.售电管理系统软件运行于MS-WINDOWS平台上,包括“开户““售电““读卡““清卡“等作业.……     

预付费售电的利与弊

预付费售电系统包括IC卡预付费电度表和为IC卡预付费电度表开发的售电管理系统.IC卡预付费电度表是一种可根据IC卡携带信息控制用户用电的新型电度表,表内插入IC卡,电度表自动将卡中电量读入表中,用户用电即开始走表.售电管理系统软件运行于MS-WINDOWS平台上,包括“开户““售电““读卡““清卡“等作业.……     

预付费售电的利与弊

预付费售电系统包括IC卡预付费电度表和为IC卡预付费电度表开发的售电管理系统。IC卡预付费电度表是一种可根据IC卡携带信息控制用户用电的新型电度表,表内插入IC卡电度表自动将卡中电量读入表中,用户用电即开始走表。售电管理系统软件运行于MS-WINDOWS平台上,包括”开户”“售电”“读卡””清卡”等作业。欲给一位用户安装IC卡预付费电度表，应首先使用售电管理系统软件给该用户所持卡做“开户作业”，并按电价预购该期所电量，然后计量人员将IC卡预付费电度表安装于用户与供电单位产权分界处，并在该电度表中插入已做开户作业的用户IC卡，这样该用户即可开始使用所购电量了。当购电量即将完，只剩“开户”作业时所设置的报警电量时，预付费电度表会自动发出警告的声音，提醒用户速去购买所需电量。     

探索电梯加装IC卡的检验方法

电梯作为高层建筑必不可少的组成部分,近年来对于IC卡控制功能的需求与日剧增,但对于如何进行改造检验目前却并未有具体的指导文件,这将给人们的生产和生活埋下了较大的安全隐患。鉴于此,本文主要介绍了IC卡的工作原理,并根据IC卡加装的施工流程进行了检验方法的探讨,以期在提高IC卡质量检验标准的同时,降低电梯的使用维护成本,进而为建筑企业的综合发展奠定好基础。     

用IC卡提升加油站服务质量

中国石油黑龙江哈尔滨销售分公司在IC卡的推行过程中取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。使用IC卡安全、方便、快捷。通过使用IC卡，集团用户可以堵塞用油管理漏洞，大大减少单位非正常支出；司机可以避免人为的损失；可以规避价格风险。IC卡管理系统还为政府有关职能部门管理、规范加油站市场提供了方便：税务部门便于收税；技术监督部门便于检查油品的数量和质量；物价部门可以时时监督油品价格是否执行到位；统计部门可以得到石油销售企业真实的销售数据。哈尔滨销售分公司目前所取得的成绩，初步实现了IC卡项目立项之初的设想目标，为中国石油IC卡项目的推广进行了有益的探索。     

浅析IC卡交易系统应用原理——中国石化加油卡系统应用实例

IC卡交易应用原理 1．IC卡交易应用的基本原理 和传统商品交易模式相比，IC卡交易模式主要运用的基本应用原理为充值和消费。卡充值和卡消费是运用IC卡逻辑、数学运算处理以及数据存储功效，即建立卡交易账户和相应交易额度（可消费金额）的卡充值过程，针对实际消费金额对卡交易账户和相应交易额度进行变更处理和变更记录的卡消费过程。     

关于无线通信的预付费系统设计

目前普遍使用的预付费系统是IC卡的预付费电能表和载波集抄的预付费系统，这两类系统基本上是针对居民用户的。近年来也出现了IC卡预付费计量装置，用于大用户的预付费。     

IC卡销售管理亟待完善

IC卡加油做为中国石化销售企业的一项新业务，目前已在系统内大力推广，由于各省（区域）市场环境及特点的不同，IC卡在市场推广具体操作中，还存在许多待完善之处，现结合经营管理实际，浅淡IC卡推广过程中的几点体会，与同仁们商榷。     

IC卡电表的相关法律问题

IC卡电表的出现，彻底改变了以往先供电后交钱的交易习惯。IC卡电表先交钱后用电的交易模式在合同法意义上使供电合同履行顺序发生了逆转，因而也引发了对相关法律问题的探讨。     

新型电表在矿区的应用

随着矿区建设数字化矿井要求的提高,国内电力行业制度的改革,电费计量管理水平要求的不断提高,供用电政策越来越科学化和市场化。所以在矿区加强用电规范化管理的同时,实现用电的监控、结算自动化,成为了目前矿区用户用电计量的关键。三相智能电能表是现在国内企业研制生产的新一代智能型高科技电能计量产品,本表支持费控功能,包括IC卡预付费和密码预付费。系统通过预付费售电系统下发采集和控制指令,介质为纸质密码条,在用户输入密码后,电表接收指令,执行操作,发送负荷控制、开关控制指令和预付费指令。     

平衡计分卡在煤炭加工企业的应用研究

本简要地介绍了平衡计分卡的由来及其特点，就平衡计分卡中各指标权重和分值的计算作了进一步的说明，通过平衡计分卡在一煤炭加工企业的应用实例，详细地展示了平衡计分卡的设置，指标评价过程，以及由此得出的结论。     

An Empirical Analysis of UK Credit Card Pricing

Previous studies show that the credit card market is imperfectly competitive. Using a reduced form hedonic model, the current paper demonstrates a relationship between credit card interest rates and product differentiation characteristics. The characteristics capture issuers’ attempts to: (1) screen/separate customers with different default risk characteristics and (2) better meet heterogeneous customer preferences. The results are consistent with risk-based pricing and monopolistic competition in the credit card market.     

开放式机房自动化管理系统的分析与设计

由于目前教学单位微机室的人工管理存在着一定的弊端,削弱了其作为现代化教学的自动化程度,本文在调研与分析的基础上提出了由人工管理到自动化控制的可行性方案。该系统可实现划卡上机的功能,以及磁卡的挂失、解挂失和换新卡的功能,并能实现学生上机信息的浏览、查询、统计以及各种报表的打印输出,大大简化了管理程序,为教学的有效进行提供了帮助。     

Payment Card Interchange Fees and Price Discrimination

We consider the implications of platform price discrimination in the context of card platforms. Despite the platform's ability to price discriminate, we show that it will set fees for card usage that are too low, resulting in excessive usage of cards. We show this bias remains even if card fees (or rewards) can be conditioned on each type of retailer that the cardholder transacts with. We use our model to consider the European Commission's objection to the rules card platforms have used to sustain differential interchange fees across European countries.     

基于模块化的银行卡产业价值创新研究：从价值链到价值群

以往关于模块化的应用研究主要集中于制造业,本文是模块化理论在金融服务业应用研究的一次尝试。本文认为,银行卡产业模块化的价值创新机理就在于实现了从价值链向价值群的价值创新系统转变。我国银行卡产业模块化价值创新应该从三个方面着手:一是在产品模块化创新层面,着重银行卡产品设计规则参与、产品创新和服务标准化;二是在企业模块化再造层面,着重银行卡业务组件模块化和组织管理模块化;三是在生产网络模块化层面,着重外包策略和网络联盟在实现模块价值创新中的重要作用。     

Shrouded transaction costs: must-take cards,discounts and surcharges

The proliferation of new payment methods on the Internet rekindles the old and unsettled debate about merchants’ incentive and ability to differentiate price according to payment choice. This paper develops an imperfect-information framework for the analysis of platform and social regulation of card surcharging and cash discounting. It makes three main contributions. First, it identifies the conditions under which concerns about missed sales induce merchants to perceive that they must take the card. Second, it derives a set of predictions about cash discounts, card surcharges and platform fees that shed light on existing evidence. Finally, it shows that the optimal regulation of surcharging is related to public policy toward merchant fees and substantially differs from current practice.     

The economics of flexible integrated circuit manufacturing technology

An economic frameword for evaluting flexible integrated circuit manufacturing technologies is developed as an alternative to the capacity races that appear to have played a major role in the decline of the U.S. IC industry. Economic advantages of flexible IC manufacturing technologies (such as cluster tools and multiprocessors) may include reductions in units costs at low output volumes, inexpensive increases in the diversity of IC products manufactured, and acceleration of the speed of new product introduction. The consequences of these developments for semiconductor equipment producers, IC manufacturers, and electronic system producers are examined.     

价值模块的虚拟再整合:以IC产业为例

价值链分解和模块化导致了IC产业的价值转移，模块化背景下的虚拟再整合是IC产业的发展趋势。本文分析了价值链与价值模块的区别和联系，以集成电路产业(IC产业)为例研究了产业的价值转移和虚拟再整合，探讨了产业内部企业之间的关系，认为EMS(工程、制造、服务)和CMM(零组件模块化快速出货)模式是IC产业虚拟再整合的重要经营模式，以地方政府或模块架构设计者等主导者为中心实施价值模块协同网战略(VMCN)将会促进我国全球制造中心的形成。     

Intermediating technologies and multi-group adoption: A comparison of consumer and merchant adoption intentions toward a new electronic payment system

Traditional technology adoption research has assumed a single adopting group. However, there are many settings in which multiple groups must jointly adopt an innovation in order for it to succeed. This is particularly true for new information technology innovations that mediate the relationship between two groups. For example, online exchanges (e.g., Freemarkets, GoFish) must attract both suppliers and buyers in order to be successful. The same is true for providers of hardware/software solutions for electronic data interchange and supply chain management. This article describes the phenomenon of multigroup adoption with a particular focus on applications within the financial services and retailing industries. Empirically, the article reports findings from a study that illustrates the importance of evaluating and managing multigroup technology adoption in the specific context of an in‐market trial of a new smart card‐based electronic payment system. Two distinct groups critical to the smart card's success are studied: consumers (who must decide to use the new card) and retailers (who must agree to adopt and use new technology needed to process smart card transactions). The study identifies which characteristics of the smart card innovation are most closely linked to intention to adopt for each group, and examines how these key characteristics differ by group. Perceptual data were collected via a mail survey from consumers and merchants living in the city where a one‐year market trial of the new card was taking place. Four separate sampling frames were established for both consumers and merchants who were participating in the trial as well as both consumers and merchants who were not participating in the trial. Random samples were then drawn from these frames. More than 350 consumers and over 250 merchants completed and returned the survey. Responses were analyzed separately for each of the four groups sampled. The most important characteristic leading to adoption identified by all four groups was relative advantage—the smart card had to demonstrate a clear competitive advantage over what they currently used. Compatibility (i.e., the degree to which the smart card fit with their current preferences) was also noted as important to all but the nonparticipating merchant group. Beyond this, the key drivers of adoption differed considerably by group. Participating consumers and participating merchants appeared to possess different perspectives when assessing their decision to adopt the smart card technology. Consumers seemed to value the notion that the adoption decision is under their control, whereas merchants seemed to place more value on the antecedents that had the potential to add to their bottom line. This suggests that it is necessary to institute different marketing tactics to attract the early adopting groups. In addition, significant differences in the importance of antecedents between participating and nonparticipating consumers and participating and nonparticipating merchants suggest that, over time, it may also be necessary to develop and use different marketing tactics for later adopters.