Subsidiary goals,learning orientations,and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises: evidence from foreign direct investments in Korea

This paper investigates the links among subsidiary goals, learning orientations, and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The authors hypothesize that an MNE's ownership strategy is determined by subsidiary goals and learning orientations. Furthermore, interactions between learning orientations and subsidiary goals are predicted to influence the ownership strategy. Based on 723 foreign subsidiaries of MNEs operating in Korea, our findings suggest that when MNE foreign subsidiaries influence ownership choice, market-seeking goals and resource-seeking goals have a stronger fit with the exploitation orientation than with the exploration orientation. In contrast, the category of knowledge-seeking goals has a stronger fit with exploration than with exploitation.     

黄冈农副产品电子商务平台推广及网络销售策略

黄冈市由于缺乏有效的市场渠道,营销观念不强,市场开拓不足,致使资源丰富的农副产品商品率低、市场知名度不高的状况长期得不到扭转。黄冈市应把具有黄冈特色,凝结黄冈历史、风情、地理、民族特色以及具有实用、美观、可藏等特点的黄冈土特产品,按中、高档次进行分类,锁定目标客户,建立电子商务平台,实施网络销售策略,通过搜索引擎营销、论坛营销、软文营销、视频营销等手段,引领黄冈农副产品进入国内国际市场,进而促进黄冈农业产业化发展。     

Multinational Subsidiary Evolution and Public Policy: Two Tales from the European Periphery

The paper explores the link between subsidiary evolution and public policy towards multinational enterprises (MNEs). The cases of two peripheral EU economies (Portugal and Ireland) are contrasted, both in terms of their inward investment policy stances and as regards differential evolutionary processes at subsidiary level unveiled by empirical results from a new survey of subsidiaries operating in those two host countries. After examining issues such as motivations underlying investment, subsidiaries roles/strategies and evolution (addressing distinct paths in subsidiary transition), the paper discusses the potential contribution of subsidiaries to host country development and what constitutes an appropriate policy towards multinationals. Explicit consideration is given to subsidiaries value-added scope and the density and quality of local linkages as key determinants of host country impact.     

基于战略协同的子公司战略研究方法

处于子公司地位的企业如何制定战略是战略研究中经常遇到的问题。结合一个集团公司内部子公司战略制定的实例,提出了一套基于母子公司战略协同的子公司战略制定的思路与方法,并给出了一种功能与业务组合的关系矩阵作为确定子公司业务组合的方法,把子公司的功能划分为两个方面。通过明确子公司应具备的功能,确定其相应的业务组合。     

On the Marketing of Nations

Abstract

Deciding on how and where to begin a new regional expansion is a highly important and complex task for multinational companies. The importance and complexity stems from the fact that these decisions involve relatively high uncertainty (i.e., risk) and, at the same time, require an intensive multidimensional evaluation process. Many countries, however, particularly in emerging markets, work to encourage multinational companies to establish a base of operations there or to enlarge existing regional headquarters. Consequently, multinationals and countries have a common interest in identifying key elements in this multidimensional decision process and estimating the likelihood that a particular country will be more suitable to fill this task than others. In order to gain a deeper understanding as to the attractiveness of a host country for establishing a base of operation (BOO) of multinational corporations, we explore the perceptions of corporate managers of different Mediterranean countries. Our analysis highlights the different country characteristics that contribute to the difference in perceptions. In addition, we find specific attributes that contribute the most to these differences. We conclude with a discussion of actions that can be taken by a specific country to close, or expand, some perception gaps.     

Subsidiary strategy of emerging market multinationals: A home country institutional perspective

We examine the effects of home country institutional factors, namely, home country government support, domestic institutional weaknesses, and state ownership on the subsidiary-level strategy of global integration (I) and local responsiveness (R) of emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). We draw upon the home country institution-based view and the I/R framework to develop our theoretical model. We empirically test our hypotheses using an original new survey data collected from Chinese multinational subsidiary managers supplemented with parent-level and country-level data. We find that home country government support and domestic institutional weaknesses have significant and negative effects on global integration strategy of Chinese multinational subsidiaries. On the other hand, domestic institutional weaknesses push foreign subsidiaries to pursue local responsiveness strategy. Nevertheless, those with greater degree of state ownership in their parent firms are neither willing to disintegrate from their parent firms nor motivated to pursue local responsiveness strategy in order to deal with home country institutional deficiencies and develop new sources of competitiveness in foreign markets. Our findings have advanced the literature on subsidiary strategy in the context of EMNEs, and provide important implications for subsidiary managers and policy makers.     

跨国公司全球营销策略与在华营销活动研究

跨国公司在全球范围内进行扩张时,是采用一体化营销战略还是当地化营销战略一直是跨国公司在实际决策中遇到的难点,这同时也是近年来营销理论界争论的一个焦点。通过对全球化营销和当地化营销两种营销方式内涵的挖掘,进而以Prahalad&Doz(1987)提出的一体化——当地化分析框架为基础,研究跨国公司在华的营销策略。研究结果表明:几乎所有进入中国市场的跨国公司都把本土化作为获取中国的胜利之本。     

母子公司股权关系对子公司定价行为的影响

股权控制是母公司实现对子公司控制的基本模式,不同的股权关系所形成的控制力和影响存在差异。按与母公司所形成的不同股权关系,子公司可以分为全资子公司、控股子公司和参股子公司。母子公司之间产品价格的实施既会影响到集团整体战略,也会影响到集团各方利益。因此,母公司会对子公司的定价行为进行控制来实现集团的整体利益。     

内蒙古经济型酒店营销策略研究

目前,内蒙古经济型酒店营销存在的问题是:市场竞争激烈,产品缺乏创新;缺乏专业的营销人才;市场营销手段单一,网络技术水平较差;营销策略缺乏特色。针对这些问题,内蒙古经济型酒店应创新产品策略,注重对产品质量把关,发挥特殊民族风情优势,制定符合自身的产品策略,加大酒店营销人才的培养力度,提高全体员工服务意识,加强网络营销和有效沟通,树立品牌形象,增强客人对酒店的信赖感和真诚度,以提高内蒙古经济型酒店的市场竞争力。     

政策性补贴商品的目标利润预测分析

构建政策性补贴商品目标利润预测分析的基本数学模型 ,并结合实例探讨总结政策性补贴商品目标利润与相关指标预测分析的规律性及其结论。     

基于控制营销理念的药品流通渠道构建策略

在强调以"终端为王"的药品流通市场,众多生产厂家越来越重视药品流通渠道的管理,这既是控制流通成本、降低终端药品价格的需要,也是扩大市场、提高产品竞争力的需要。全文首先介绍了药品流通渠道及"控制营销"的概念,然后分析了药品流通渠道的现状及问题,最后从战略、管理、技术三个方面阐述了药品流通渠道构建策略。     

论物流企业的营销战略

现阶段,我国物流企业仍属典型的粗放式经营,对市场营销重视不够,研究不够,致使大部分外包物流服务的企业对物流企业的服务不满,因此,研究物流企业的营销问题意义重大。结合中国当前物流市场现状,研究适合各类物流企业的营销战略类型及其特征差异,并进一步提出营销战略的实施条件。     

论企业建立顾客导向营销观念

当前许多企业在竞争中力不从心 ,究其原因 ,很多是由于营销观念的落后 ,企业应积极转变营销观念 ,树立以客户为导向的经营观念。在这个过程中为防止走入改革的误区 ,企业应明确自己的目标顾客 ,同时在顾客导向与竞争者导向中追求一种平衡。企业在树立顾客导向时应明确的抓住组织结构、信息系统、企业文化、组织制度四个要素。     

浅析农产品差异化营销策略

我国农业经过20多年的改革开放,农村经济得到了迅速发展,农产品供求关系发生了重大的变化,已由卖方市场转变为买方市场。基于此,农产品经营者必须组织差异化生产和营销,获取农产品差异化的生产途径及对农产品差异化的营销策略。这样,才能争取消费者并占领市场。     

论企业营销战略转型——从数量营销到全面质量营销

加入WTO ,对企业来说是机遇也是挑战 ,我们只有树立更加科学的营销理念 ,采用现代的营销战略和经营手段才能适应激烈的市场竞争。由此对数量营销和全面质量营销两种经营战略进行对比分析 ,指出实施全面质量营销战略有助于企业在竞争中取得成功     

基于内容营销的APP推广策略探讨

移动互联网的发展给手机应用软件市场带来了发展机遇,但是在推广过程中普遍存在的问题是:用户粘性差,缺少用户反馈;推广方式单一,效果有限费用高;推广周期短,激活率低。如何能够在短期内以较低的成本快速的将APP推广到用户中间,并保证用户可以持续关注和使用,是推广策略的核心,企业可以借助内容营销开展推广活动,以原创内容为桥梁将企业和用户紧密联系,将产品开发与内容营销结合实现多维度营销和推广,借用新闻的娱乐性加速推广周期的进程。     

完善网络营销的策略研究

当前我国市场经济发展的背景下,网络用户数量快速增长,网络消费已经被越来越多的人所接受,网络营销也越来越受到企业的重视,由此而产生的各类问题也收到市场参与各方的高度重视,企业作为消费品的提供者,要将深入挖掘网络营销的优势,将自身的发展与保护消费者权益有效的结合,最大程度的实现企业的价值。     

城市营销的机会分析

城市营销在近年来越来越受到国际性的关注。在制定城市营销战略的过程中，首要的任务就是要分析城市营销的机会。本文在前人研究的基础上，总结了以环境分析和市场分析为核心的城市营销机会分析框架，并进一步展开了以SWOT分析为精髓的城市营销环境分析和以顾客行为分析和市场细分为要旨的城市营销市场分析。     

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Implementation in a Global Subsidiary Organization: Lessons Learned

This article describes the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) implemented by British Petroleum (BP) Worldwide, from the perspective of one of its subsidiary organizations, BP Singapore. The ERP solution, an internally developed system, was implemented globally by BP worldwide quite successfully from a global perspective, though not without challenges at the local level. This study examines the process of implementing a global ERP solution at the local subsidiaries, and the unique problems that may be encountered in force-fitting a global solution at the local level. Among the issues and problems experienced by the subsidiary are higher-than-anticipated costs, longer development times, lack of technical expertise, and compromises in business processes. The findings of the study could be helpful in formulating coping mechanisms in implementing global ERP solutions.