Implications of productive government spending for fiscal policy

The standard assumption in macroeconomics that government spending is unproductive can have substantive implications for tax and spending policy. Productive government spending introduces a positive feedback between the tax rate, the productive capacity of the economy, and tax revenue. We allow marginal tax revenue to be optimally allocated between productive subsidies to human capital and utility-enhancing government consumption and calculate Laffer Curves for the US. Productive government spending yields higher revenue-maximizing tax rates, steeper slopes at low tax rates and higher peaks. The differences are particularly pronounced for the labor-tax Laffer curve. The use of tax revenue is an important determinant of the actual revenue that a tax rate increase generates.     

The effects of inflationary finance on tax revenue under progressive tax regimes: An application to turkey, 1963–1982

The revenue from inflationary finance of government expenditures is enhanced because of the phenomenon of bracket-creep. Bracket-creep occurs in progressive tax systems because inflation pushes tax payers into higher tax brackets and thus increases the real tax revenue. In highly inflationary economies, the implicit revenue gain due to bracket-creep can be a significant source of revenue to the government. In the case of Turkey in 1963–1982, we find that government appropriated significant revenue due to bracket-creep, in addition to the revenue from inflationary finance.     

高校教师个人所得税的纳税筹划

随着高校教师收入水平的不断提升,国家税务总局明确提出将高等院校作为个人所得税征管的重点。高等院校应根据高校教师收入的特点,设计合理的薪酬体系、福利制度,在合理合法的限度内尽可能降低高校教师的税收负担。本文简要阐述了高校教师收入及其薪酬体系的基本情况,在此基础上提出了高校教师个人所得税纳税筹划的途径,希望能在一定程度上降低高校教师的税收负担。     

How Will the Court Decide? – Tax Experts’ versus Laymen's Predictions

We conduct a survey of German tax professionals (tax advisors and revenue agents) and laymen to examine whether tax experts more accurately forecast the outcomes of five real cases from the German Federal Fiscal Court. With an average of 2.39 correct predictions among experts and an average of 2.49 correct predictions among laymen, our results reveal no significant difference in forecasting accuracy between the two groups. Additionally, neither general nor task-specific tax expertise increases the experts’ forecasting accuracy. This unpredictability of tax court decisions indicates that accounting rules and taxpayer penalties that rely on accurate predictions of tax court decisions may need to be re-evaluated. Moreover, our results indicate the existence of two types of ‘advisor bias’. First, tax advisors exhibit a significantly higher level of overconfidence in comparison to other experts (i.e. revenue agents) and laymen. In particular, they believe that they correctly predict, on average, 1.52 more cases than they actually do. Second, we find some evidence indicating that tax advisors acting as client advocates form stronger appeal recommendations than revenue agents.     

加强税收环境治理,提高纳税服务质量

税收环境是经济发展环境的重要组成部分,直接关系到各类市场主体能否公平竞争,并最终影响经济的持续健康发展。税务机关作为政府重要的职能部门,应站在促进经济发展的高度,挖掘、整合环境资源,优化税收环境,为税务机关向纳税人提供优质纳税服务提供保障。本文通过对税收环境内涵的诠释,指出加强税收环境综合治理对完善我国纳税服务的重要作用。并针对现行我国纳税服务中存在的问题,提出加强税收环境综合治理的有效措施。     

我国税收增长与经济增长研究

近几年来,我国税收增长快于经济增长的状况引起了社会各界广泛关注。本文通过对税收收入与经济增长相关性的分析,并主要从税收弹性的角度对税收是否处于超常增长状态的问题进行研究,最后对促进税收收入与经济增长协调发展提出建议。     

基于中性税收构想的增值税转型经济学及试点效果分析

本文依据税收相对中性理论,增值税以其自身的内在优势,与中性税收所要求的效率原则和普遍原则相契合。从经济学视角看,增值税转型主要由生产型、收入型增值税向消费型增值税转变,更多地体现中性收入原则。本文认为,考虑到财务承受能力现阶段应逐步推行,即先对东北老工业基地进行试点,然后逐步对全国的所有行业实行消费型增值税。     

论物业税能否成为地方财政的主体税源

物业税征收的主要目的之一便是使之成为我国地方财政的主体税源,而这一目的能否实现取决于物业税的征收方案。针对不同物业税征收方案进行对比分析,得到的结论是仅合并房地产保有环节税种不足以使物业税成为地方财政的主要来源,将土地出让收入纳入物业税的征收,才有可能使物业税成为我国地方政府的主体税源。     

The Sufficiency of Single Tax Revenue:

A bstract . Statements claiming that the single tax would raise insufficient revenue to support modern governments have been damaging to Henry George's proposal to tax the rent of land. It is argued that these claims are a misleading way of assessing George's proposal. Firstly, it is shown that estimates of rent usually understate the revenue that would have been raised under the single tax. Secondly, the idea of a counterfactual proposition is used to show that government expenditure would have been lower subsequently had George's proposal been adopted. The conclusion is that there are generally errors of omission in estimating the sufficiency of single tax revenue.     

论内外资企业所得税并轨改革

在20世纪80年代初,为吸引外资和引进先进设备,我国制定了相应的外资企业税收优惠政策,这些政策为国家吸引了大量的外贸资金以及先进的技术设备。然而随着国民经济的高速增长以及税基的不断增长,内外资企业出现了严重的不公平竞争,负面影响已逐步显现。本文认为,为了改变内外资企业的不公平竞争以及税收优惠政策引起的负面影响的局面,内外资企业所得税并轨改革势在必行。     

房地产税改革与土地财政困局破解——基于对地方财政影响的情景分析

地方政府过度依赖土地出让收入是当前中国公共管理面临的重要难题。改革房地产税制并触发土地制度的连锁反应是破解中国土地治理困局的基本出路。通过预测不同改革方案下典型城市住房相关土地财政收入变化,评估房地产税替代土地出让（纯）收益成为地方支柱性收入源的前景。研究发现,如果合理设计覆盖城市存量和新增住房的房地产税,可在短期内保证地方土地财政收入的相对稳定,并在远期实现房地产税替代土地出让金成为地方财政支柱的目标,增强土地财政收入的可持续性。近期政府应改变“重流转、轻保有”的状况,将房地产税培育成为地方主体税种,远期应推进城乡一体化土地市场体系、土地出让制度和土地增值税制度联动改革,使地方土地财政收入从以一次性的土地出让纯收益为主向以持续的房产保有税、土地增值税等为主转变,促进政府土地管理本位职能回归,破解土地财政与政府治理困局。     

The Built‐in Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes

This paper reviews, and synthesises within a uniform framework, a number of analytical results on the built‐in flexibility of taxation. Established results for income taxes are reviewed and integrated with recent results for consumption taxes. These help to provide a better understanding of the determinants of the revenue responsiveness properties of different taxes. They also provide convenient expressions for the calculation of tax revenue elasticities in practice. It is shown that the magnitude of revenue elasticities can be expected to differ substantially for alternative taxes, for different forms of the same tax, and for the same tax over time as incomes change relative to tax thresholds and as consumption patterns change. These results are especially relevant for the many industrialised countries which have undertaken major fiscal reforms in recent years with, often unintended, consequences for revenue elasticities.     

Fiscal impact of privatization revisited: The role of tax revenues in transition economies

In contrast to earlier literature, this paper finds empirical evidence that privatization has deteriorated fiscal balances in transition economies. The investigation focuses on the role of tax revenues in explaining the fiscal impact of privatization, as it appears that tax revenue in many transition countries remained lackluster even after the adoption of several tax reforms in the last two decades, and no formal econometric assessment has been conducted of the extent to which privatization has affected tax revenues. Using panel data for 29 Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries, the analysis finds robust signs of a strong negative impact of privatization on different tax revenue sources. The paper also provides some empirical evidence favoring the early adoption of value-added taxes that appear to have contributed to government revenue recovery.     

Revenue equivalence and income taxation

This paper considers the classical independent private values model of auction theory in the presence of income taxation. We show that revenue equivalence remains valid if income taxes are proportional. Progressive and regressive taxes lead, in general, to asymmetries between bidders with the well-known consequence that revenue equivalence no longer holds. However, if symmetry of the bidders is maintained, progressive (regressive) income tax implies a higher (lower) expected revenue in first-price than in second-price auctions. Financial support by theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is gratefully acknowledge.     

Prioritization of government expenditure on health in India: A fiscal space perspective

Unequal distribution of fiscal resources and lower prioritization of budget towards healthcare are the most important challenges in achieving universal health coverage in India. This study has examined relationships between government health expenditure and fiscal space (i.e. tax revenue, non-tax revenue, fiscal transfer, and borrowings) in twenty-one states of India for the period of 1980–2014. Our panel regression results imply that mobilization of tax revenue has a positive impact, while borrowings have a negative impact on the allocation of government expenditure on healthcare in the long-run. The panel quantile regression results show that states associated with the low and middle level of revenue growth have been mobilizing finance through central government transfer and borrowings in short-run. Further, the panel vector error correction models show that sum of the lagged coefficients of borrowings have a greater impact on health financing process as compared to other sources of fiscal space at short-run, and the speed of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium is relatively slower. The overall analysis concludes that less domestic revenue mobilization and higher dependency of borrowings for healthcare financing may create fiscal stress on state finances in the long-run, and thereby it could possibly reduce the prioritization of spending. Therefore, improvement in revenue growth and proper utilization of fiscal transfer would be appropriate policy implications from this study.     

论纳税筹划的意义及可能途径

纳税筹划是纳税人合法谋求税收利益的活动,这种活动从另一个方面也在推动税法更加健全和科学。税法规定本身和税收征管执法效果上的差别,为纳税筹划提供了可能途径,若对经济活动事先作出恰当的安排,就可能达到合法省税和规避税务风险的目的。     

Potential Tax Revenue from a Regulated Marijuana Market A Meaningful Revenue Source

A bstract . Dissatisfaction with current drug policy measures has led to a push for the regulation of drugs , especially marijuana . On the premise that such regulation is a real possibility, estimates of potential tax revenue from a regulation scheme and critical comments on other estimates of the size of the marijuana market are presented. For 1991, potential tax revenue is estimated to range from 2.55 to 9.09 billion dollars. The uncertainty surrounding the price elasticity of demand for marijuana, home cultivation of marijuana by individual users, and the extent to which purchases may still be made from the black market are discussed, as are their implications for potential tax revenue.     

On revenue recycling and the welfare effects of second-best congestion pricing in a monocentric city

This paper examines congestion taxes in a monocentric city with pre-existing labor taxation. When road toll revenue is used to finance labor tax cuts, 35% of the optimal road tax in our numerical model does not reflect marginal external congestion costs, but rather functions as a Ramsey–Mirrlees tax, i.e. an efficiency enhancing mechanism allowing for an indirect spatial differentiation of the labor tax. This adds a quite different motivation to road pricing, since welfare gains can be produced even in absence of congestion. We find that the optimal road tax is non-monotonic across space, reflecting the different impacts of labor supply elasticity and marginal utility of income, which both vary over space. The relative efficiencies of some archetype second-best pricing schemes (cordon toll, flat kilometer tax) are high (84% and 70% respectively). When road toll revenue is recycled lump-sum, the optimal toll lies below its Pigouvian level. Extensions in a bimodal framework show that the optimality of using road toll revenue to subsidize public transport depends on the initial inefficiency in public transport pricing.     

The Role of Symmetry between the Revenue and the Expenditure Side of the Government Budget in the Debate about the Potential Negative Effects of Tax Competition

The effects of capital tax competition are reconsidered in this paper incorporating the argument that the expenditure structure of public budget should reflect its revenue structure. The paper offers a small open economy model where capital and labour tax revenues are used exclusively on the provision of public inputs. It is shown that if the revenue side of the government budget exactly matches the expenditure side that is if industrial public goods are financed by both private production factors with the weights reflecting the contributions of public inputs to the private factor productivity then public inputs are provided optimally even in the presence of tax competition.     

Estimating cigarette-tax revenue

This paper presents a cigarette-tax revenue model which predicts potential tax revenues. The model is unique in that revenues are estimated in a two-stage process which is invariant to the type of state sales/excise tax regime. The model also controls for cross-state spillover effects. The empirical model was estimated using data from Alabama and surrounding states from 1955 to 1990. The results suggest the demand for cigarettes in Alabama is relatively inelastic; spillover effects are found but are small in scale; and additional revenue potentials can be realized by changes in the tax regime.