加入WTO后对中国零售业的影响与对策

我国加入世贸组织后，零售业将成为完全开放的行业，这无疑对国内零售业造成一定的冲击。如何把握机遇，怎样面对挑战，是每个零售企业不能不回答的紧迫问题。现就入世后，对中国零售业的影响进行分析和提出对策。一、我国零售业的现状１．多业态并存。２０世纪８０年代中期，我国爆发一场综合性的零售革命，仅是三五年的时间，西方存在的一切零售业态几乎都在中国出现了，至今，世界５０家最大的零售企业，已经有７０％在中国“抢滩登陆”。目前，中国百货店已经进入成熟期，超级市场、仓储商店进入发展期，便利商店、购物广场进入起步期。…     

Firm entry and turnover: the nexus with profitability and growth

The paper presents a new sectoral taxonomy, which classifies industries according to the opportunity and cost of experimentation. Econometric tests show for a sample of 24 countries that in the 1990s ‘entrepreneurial’ industries with a mutable and growing firm population experienced the highest growth in terms of value added and employment, but also the lowest growth of labour productivity. ‘Entrepreneurial’ industries generally earned a better profit-ratio than ‘routinised’ industries with an inertial population. The results are consistent with entrepreneurial theories of market competition, which suggest that entry follows profit opportunities but does not deplete them.      

Order of entry,trial diffusion,and elasticity dynamics: An empirical case

This paper considers the diffusion process of new brands in order to estimate marketing mix elasticities and order-of-entry effects. Using an empirical case, we test hypotheses regarding the role of order of entry on brand trial processes within a new category. Consistent with research hypotheses, the results demonstrate that the diffusion rate of a brand's trials and its pricing and advertising elasticities vary systematically as a function of competitive entry. Competitive influences (which are negative) increase as order of entry is delayed. Short-term price elasticities are found to be an inverted U relationship with the order of entry, whereby early followers have the highest elasticities, as compared to the pioneer and to later followers. Advertising elasticities decline as the number of competitors increases.     

The demand for Indonesian narrow money: long-run equilibrium,error correction and forward-looking behaviour

Since the 1960s, the banking and financial sector has been at the forefront of the Indonesian development strategy. Thus in order to gain an understanding of the problems and opportunities facing Indonesia, it is essential to understand the workings of the monetary sector of the economy. The aim of this paper is to analyse the narrow component of money demand, using modern econometric techniques. But the major innovation of the paper (in the context of a developing country) is the use of an explicit forward-looking model. This approach, the consequence of financially sophisticated behaviour on the part of Indonesian agents, has significant policy implications. One of these is that announced changes in policy, if credible, will lead to a more rapid response from the private sector than if agents were purely backward looking. This may make the operation of monetary (and other) policy more effective than would otherwise be the case.     

Role of product entry and exit on the attraction effect

The attraction effect illustrates a violation of the regularity assumption in consumer choice. This effect increases the share of a target brand, relative to a competitor, when a third alternative is added to the choice set such that the target dominates the third alternative completely but the competitor does not. The effect has important marketing implications for design and presentation of choice sets to consumers. This paper studies the influence of sequential product entry and exit on the attraction effect; specifically, it focuses on the differences among simultaneous entry, delayed product entry, and product exit. Using two experiments, the paper shows that even sequential actions, such as entry or exit of products, predictably produce the attraction effect.     

Integrating agency and resource dependence theory: Firm profitability,industry regulation,and board task performance

Boards of directors are key governance mechanisms in organizations and fulfill two main tasks: monitoring managers and firm performance, and providing advice and access to resources. In spite of a wealth of research much remains unknown about how boards attend to the two tasks. This study investigates whether organizational (firm profitability) and environmental factors (industry regulation) affect board task performance. The data combine CEOs' responses to a questionnaire, and archival data from a sample of large Italian firms. Findings show that past firm performance is negatively associated with board monitoring and advice tasks; greater industry regulation enhances perceived board task performance; board monitoring and advice tasks tend to reinforce each other, despite their theoretical and practical distinction.     

Trade credit and determinants of profitability in Europe. The case of the agri-food industry

The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect that trade credit has on the determinants of profitability during the crisis period in Europe. We use panel data for a total of 24,177 European agri-food companies from 2010 to 2014. Among our main contributions, we highlight that we isolate the sector effect and study the country effect by separating the different policies and customs with respect to the granting of trade credit. The results confirm, in general, that trade credit affects profitability depending on the country and the characteristics of size, specificity, market power or reputation.     

上海果品包装业的发展现状、思路与途径

又到沪郊西甜瓜上市旺季，看那市场上形形式式的包装，真让人汗颜。明明是甜瓜，却用的是针棉织品箱，也有的用肥皂箱。这种套用别人的包装箱来装水果，既不卫生，又不利于创品牌。     

The influence of related and unrelated industry diversity on retail firm failure

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of related and unrelated industry diversity on retail firm failure with a focus on Swedish retailers. The paper develops competing hypotheses from organizational theory and the economics of agglomeration concerning the survival chances of retail firms located in geographic proximity. Hypotheses are tested using a hazard model and a sample of 48,953 retail firms observed during 2002–2010. Key findings show that increases in the local share of similar retail firms is positively related to the risk of failure while there is a negative relation between increases in local industry diversity and the risk of failure. These results indicate that knowledge transfer from a diverse set of industries are important in lowering the failure risk. Differentiating among small and specialized retail firms indicate that there is significant intra-industry heterogeneity in the influence of local industrial composition on the likelihood of failure.     

船舶工业应对入世探讨(上)

中国入世进程进入倒计时,世贸组织规划和机制对我国经济,贸易,产业政策,政府体制等各方面的影响和作用,将逐渐,全面的显现出来。在这种形势下,政府和各行业积极研究WTO规则,采取有力的应对策略和措施,已成为当务之急,本试就船舶企业和政府管理部门应对入世的对策措施和政策建议做些初步探讨。     

The internationalization of soft-services: entry modes and main determinants in the Spanish hotel industry

This article addresses the internationalization of soft-services. These types of services require major local presence than other industries as production and consumption occur simultaneously. In particular, the study attempts to analyze those factors that might influence the entry mode choice and reflect the specific nature of the hotel industry, which shows an important increase of their operations overseas in recent years. Based on a sample composed of more than 1,200 entry operations in the Spanish hotel industry, our results suggest that determinant factors of entry mode choice in manufacturing firms cannot be directly transferred to the internationalization of soft-services firms. Some variables which were generally analyzed as determinant factors of control decisions in the manufacturing sector are not significant or present different results in the hotel industry. Moreover, this study enhances knowledge on internationalization based on countries other than the most developed.     

The dynamics of online word-of-mouth and product sales—An empirical investigation of the movie industry

There are growing interests in understanding how word-of-mouth (WOM) on the Internet is generated and how it influences consumers’ purchase decisions at retail outlets. A unique aspect of the WOM effect is the presence of a positive feedback mechanism between WOM and retail sales. We characterize the process through a dynamic simultaneous equation system, in which we separate the effect of online WOM as both a precursor to and an outcome of retail sales. We apply our approach to the movie industry, showing that both a movie's box office revenue and WOM valence significantly influence WOM volume. WOM volume in turn leads to higher box office performance. This positive feedback mechanism highlights the importance of WOM in generating and sustaining retail revenue.     

WTO后过渡时期我国餐饮业面临的竞争与策略

在WTO后过渡期,随着洋快餐的不断发展与壮大,以及旅游业的不断繁荣,餐饮市场竞争日趋激烈,经营空间越来越小,我国本土餐饮业面临着更大的机遇和挑战。作为本土餐饮业应适应市场形势的变化,利用中国本土餐饮业的优势,扬长避短,及时调整经营战略,挖掘本土餐饮市场的增长点,实现特色化和连锁化经营,积极参与国际竞争。     

Foreign market entry mode in the hotel industry: The impact of country- and firm-specific factors

One of the key decisions in the internationalisation process of hotel firms is the choice of the entry mode into a foreign country. Many different factors influence this strategic decision. From a sample of 127 entries carried out by Spanish hotel firms between 2001 and 2003, this study provides new empirical evidence that cultural distance reduces the likelihood of choosing equity entry modes, while firm profitability and internal financial funds availability favour the assumption of greater commitment in the international expansion process.     

A reexamination of the demand for UK exports: Evidence from an error correction model

This article examines the demand for UK exports and is focused on five issues. It starts by examining the stochastic properties of the relevant time series. Special attention is paid to the model specification, its dynamic structure, and its temporal stability. In addition, the potential effect of exchange rate uncertainty on export demand is considered. The empirical results show that the determinants of the demand for UK exports are foreign economic activity, export price, foreign prices, and exchange rate uncertainty. The results further indicate that exchange rate uncertainty has a negative effect on exports and that the overall export demand equation requires the inclusion of such a variable in order to exhibit structural stability. Trade policy in the UK, therefore must take into account the response of export demand to changes in real exchange rate volatility.     

A dynamic quality ladder model with entry and exit: Exploring the equilibrium correspondence using the homotopy method

This paper explores the equilibrium correspondence of a dynamic quality ladder model with entry and exit using the homotopy method. This method is ideally suited for systematically investigating the economic phenomena that arise as one moves through the parameter space and is especially useful in games that have multiple equilibria. We briefly discuss the theory of the homotopy method and its application to dynamic stochastic games. We then present three main findings: First, the more costly and/or less beneficial it is to achieve or maintain a given quality level, the more a leader invests in striving to induce the follower to give up; the more quickly the follower does so; and the more asymmetric is the industry structure that arises. Second, the possibility of entry and exit gives rise to predatory and limit investment. Third, we illustrate and discuss the multiple equilibria that arise in the quality ladder model, highlighting the presence of entry and exit as a source of multiplicity.     

加入WTO后我国证券业的挑战及对策

中国加入WTO对证券业而言，既有难得的发展机遇，也有严峻的冲击与挑战。在这个机遇与挑战并存的格局中，中国证券业如何采取积极、主动、理性的态度，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，以适应未来日趋激烈的国际竞争，是当前值得研究的重要课题。