中国参与全球价值链的特征与启示

研究目标：揭示2000年以来中国参与全球价值链（GVC）的程度、位置、竞争力特征,以及与主要经济体在GVC中的双边联系特征。研究方法：采用新近发展的生产分解模型,从前向联系和后向联系两个视角全面分析。研究发现：中国在GVC中的国际竞争力主要体现在制造业部门,已经具备“制造强国”的基本特征,接近GVC的中上游位置。大多数国家都对中国市场形成了高度的依赖性,同时中国成长为全球中间品的最大供应国,在GVC中扮演着关键的“枢纽”角色。研究创新：在一个统一的核算框架下,本文从多重视角首次对中国参与GVC的特征做出系统性的论述。研究价值：本文对于决策部门评价中国参与GVC的成效,研判国际经济关系,制定对外经济政策具有重要参考价值。     

全球价值链治理及中国物流企业的模式选择

阐述了全球价值链理论和我国物流企业发展概况，通过论证我国物流企业进入全球价值链的可能性和必要性，提炼出了我国企业利用全球价值链进行自我提升的5种模式，并比较分析了5种模式的运作机理及其相互关系。     

全球价值链中的企业价值链功能升级——以中国体育用品制造业为例

企业升级是一国产业和经济升级的微观基础。基于全球价值链视角,企业功能升级是其在价值链条中的位置攀升。本文以我国体育用品制造业领导企业为例,从效率出发,采用数据包络分析方法和Malmquist全要素生产率指数模型,实证研究领导企业的全要素生产率、研发设计以及品牌营销效率的升级趋势。结果显示:基于动态效率视角,领导企业处于较快的升级过程中;但基于静态效率视角,样本领导企业在三种效率指标方面均明显低于国外对标企业;中外企业在设计研发和品牌营销效率方面的差距近年来表现各异,前者存在扩大的趋势,而后者则呈现收敛。因此,在鼓励企业积极参与全球价值链和国际竞争的同时,应推动产业内企业间资源整合,提高资源在企业间的配置效率,促进自主创新与提升国家品牌软实力并重。     

基于全球价值链视角完善我国企业创新机制

企业创新能力是体现一个国家科学技术水平的重要标志,提升企业创新能力是建设创新型国家的基本要求。提高企业创新能力,必须以相应的机制为基础。本文在阐述企业创新重要意义的基础上,基于全球价值链视角,分析了我国企业价值链的现状,指出了存在的问题,并分别从企业内、外部两个方面论述了完善企业创新机制的途径。     

上海企业至关重要找到全球价值链中的位置

上海企业家现在最关心的,是进入WTO后,企业该如何参与竞争?他们现在有了一些答案.这是在前几日,来自世界500强的两位企业首脑和一些著名经济学家对他们说的.这些人的话,可以说是振聋发聩,对正处在经济全球化浪潮到来、WTO即将进入之际的上海企业,是正当其时.笔者现在将他们的话,取其精要写出来,让关心这方面的人们,也开拓一些视野.     

全球价值链背景下中国企业的升级路径探析

全球价值链对中国经济发展所带来的机遇和挑战已得到国内外学者广泛的关注,但是,国家价值链对中国企业的升级和经济的可持续发展所具有的发展内涵,似乎并未得到学者足够的重视。文章在对全球价值链和国家价值链发展内涵比较分析的基础上,通过对中国情景下构建国家价值链的两种重要载体平台——双边交易平台载体模式（专业化市场）和单边交易平台载体模式（领导型企业网络）的对比分析,试图探索中国企业构建国家价值链并且依靠国家价值链实现升级的可行方式。     

重新审视中国于全球价值链中的地位及其机会

金融危机最坏的时期已经过去,复苏的迹象正在全球涌现。摩根大通全球采购经理人综合指数从9月份的53上升至54．4,达到了自2004年7月以来的最高值。而据中国国家统计局调查资料显示：一季度全国企业景气指数为105．6,与上季度相比回落1．4点,降幅明显收窄;国内各个行业出现的变化。     

全球价值链视角下中国增加值出口及其影响因素

基于世界投入产出数据库,采用MRIO模型测算1995~2009年中国增加值出口的变动趋势,并采用结构分解方法分析了9种因素对中国增加值出口变化的影响。结果显示,1995~2009年外需引致的中国增加值出口由1425亿美元增加到10396亿美元,增幅高达629.36%,增加值出口对于国内增加值创造的重要性在不断提高;外国最终需求的来源地结构变动、中国前向国际产业关联变动和外国最终需求规模变动是影响中国增加值出口变化的3个最主要因素,分别使中国增加值出口增长278.81%、262.02%和122.28%;中国国内生产部门增加值系数变动和外国最终需求的产品结构变动不利于中国增加值出口增长或影响很小。     

中国大中型企业研发效率测度与财政激励政策影响

研究目标：政府研发补贴、研发活动加计扣除税收减免以及高技术企业税收减免对企业研发效率的影响。研究方法：应用随机前沿模型（SFA）测度和比较中国各省份大中型工业企业的研发效率并检验三种财政激励政策对研发效率的影响。研究发现：各省份大中型工业企业研发效率逐年提高,但省份间整体研发效率差距较大,且东部沿海地区研发效率整体较中西部地区高;政府研发补贴和企业研发活动加计扣除减免都与研发效率呈稳定负相关,而高新技术企业税收减免与研发效率则呈稳定正相关。研究创新：从效率角度探究我国当前三种主要财政激励政策对企业研发绩效的影响。研究价值：从新的视角为我国未来财政政策如何定位和设计实施提供经验证据。     

The effects of public support schemes on small and medium enterprises

In this paper we will investigate the effects of direct grants and tax incentives on recipient small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Direct grants and tax incentives are two different public instruments used to correct market failure and facilitate innovation through lowering the cost of R&D. Although large and small firms innovate in different ways, so far limited empirical evidence has been reported with respect to the effectiveness of public R&D instruments for SMEs. Our data suggests that direct subsidies used alone or with tax incentives strengthen the R&D orientation of the SME as well as some aspects of innovation output and absorptive capacity. Although the effects of policy measures are significant when comparison is made to firms that did not use any of the two instruments, not much difference is found when users of direct grants are compared to those who used both the grants and the tax incentives. This result indicates the existence of limitations in the use of tax incentives by SMEs, and thus suggests that subsidies may be the primary instrument in SMEs.     

Governance and effects of public R&D subsidies: Evidence from China

This study examines the effects of public research and development (R&D) subsidies and the governance of such subsidies on firm productivity based on the analysis of a firm-level panel dataset between 1998 and 2007 in China. It is found that public R&D subsidies tend to support more productive firms and the productivity of these government-backed firms is improved further after they get the government support. Less attention is paid to the observable or measurable performance measurements in ex-ante project selection, and the ex-post effects are stronger when the governance of the public R&D subsidies becomes more decentralized due to an exogenous policy change. In other words, better decentralization of governance is associated with more pronounced effects of R&D subsidies. Identification concerns are addressed with various approaches to confirm the treatment effect of public R&D subsidies and the governance of such subsidies.     

Social trust environment and firm tax avoidance: Evidence from China

We examine the impact of the social trust environment in which a firm is located on its tax avoidance in China and paying attention to the moderating effect of corporate governance and state-ownership. Drawing from theoretical and empirical work on firm tax avoidance and manager–shareholder agency conflict, we hypothesize that social trust can lower firm tax avoidance. It is because a high social trust environment can reduce agency conflict so that tax avoidance is less. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis, and robust to a battery of robustness tests. Furthermore, we document that the association between social trust and firm tax avoidance is more pronounced for firms with weak corporate governance and state-owned. Moreover, we find that firms in more trustworthy provinces present less general and administrative expenses and higher asset turnover, corroborating our theoretical foundations with respect to agency cost in our hypothesis. Our findings suggest that social trust and its interactions with corporate governance and state ownership are important internal and external determinants on the variations in tax avoidance.     

Research And Development Productivity And Spillovers: Empirical Evidence At The Firm Level

Abstract.  A variety of methods have been used to investigate the empirical relationship between research and development (R&D) spending and the productivity of firms. The most widely employed frameworks are the production function and the associated productivity framework. In these settings, productivity growth is related to expenditures on R&D, and an attempt is made to estimate statistically the part of productivity growth that can be attributed to R&D activities. This article surveys the expansive body of empirical literature on this subject and finds a large and significant impact of R&D on firm performance on average. However, the estimated returns vary considerably between the different studies due to differences across data samples and econometric models, as well as methodological and conceptual issues. A meta-analysis on the studies surveyed reveals that the estimated rates of return do not significantly differ between countries, whereas the estimated elasticities do. Furthermore, the estimated elasticities are significantly higher in the 1980s and consistently higher in the 1990s compared with the 1970s. Hence, contrary to a widely held belief, we find no convincing evidence of an exhaustion of R&D opportunities in the last two decades.     

Asymmetric determinants of corporate bond credit spreads in China: Evidence from a nonlinear ARDL model

This study utilizes the nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) model proposed by Shin, Yu, and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014) to quantify the potentially asymmetric transmission of positive and negative changes in each of the possible determinants of industry-level corporate bond credit spreads in China. The determinants we consider include the corresponding industry stock price, China’s stock market volatility, the level and slope of the yield curve (i.e., the interest rate), the industrial production growth rate, and the inflation rate. The empirical results suggest substantial asymmetric effects of these determinants on credit spreads, with the positive changes in the determinants showing larger impacts than the negative changes for most industries we consider. Moreover, the corresponding industry stock prices, the interest rate, and the industrial production growth rate negatively drive the industry credit spreads for many industries. In turn, China’s stock market volatility and the inflation rate positively affect the credit spreads at each industry level. These findings may be helpful to investors, bond issuers and policymakers in understanding the dynamics of credit risks and corporate bond rates at the industry level.     

Anti-corruption,government intervention,and corporate cash holdings: Evidence from China

We use China as an example to examine how anti-corruption and government intervention shape corporate cash holding decisions. The findings show that firms in provinces with less government intervention (weak anti-corruption intensity) hold smaller (larger) cash reserves than those in provinces with more government intervention (strong anti-corruption intensity). Furthermore, we find that the positive relationship between government intervention and corporate cash holdings is alleviated as the anti-corruption intensity increases, and this alleviation effect is more prominent for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), firms in high intervention areas and firms without political connections. These findings support the argument that corruption-free and low intervention governments can benefit firms in making more profitable corporate decisions.     

Credit constraints and R&D over the boom and bust: Firm-level evidence from Central and Eastern Europe

This paper studies the effect of credit constraints on R&D over the recent boom and bust episode in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). Given that financial and venture capital markets in CEECs are thin in comparison to those in high-income economies, it is proposed that credit constraints have a significant adverse effect on R&D activity in these countries. The paper uses three waves of Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) data between 2005 and 2013 on manufacturing firms from ten CEECs. We find that credit constraints have a substantial effect on R&D engagement, as the probability of credit constrained firms undertaking R&D activities is around 30 % lower than for other firms. The adverse effect of credit constraints for R&D emerges during the years of fast economic growth.     

跨国公司在华研发投资的对策

近年来，跨国公司根据其全球战略的需要，纷纷加大在中国的研发投资力度。这些研发机构提高了我国的整体技术水平，总体上对中国的经济产生了积极的影响。我国应通过采取改善研发环境的宏观对策以及企业提高自主研发能力的对策来吸引和利用跨国公司在华研发投资。