城乡劳动力市场分割与人民币实际汇率

本文建立一个简单的均衡模型,证明城乡劳动力市场分割造成的要素价格扭曲会最终反映至汇率市场,导致实际汇率偏低,偏低的程度取决于劳动力市场的分割程度。本文还利用2000-2008年的跨国经验数据检验二者之间的关系,发现城乡劳动力市场分割与实际汇率偏低存在着显著的统计关系,验证了本文的结论。本文研究表明,人民币实际汇率的形成过程中,国内要素市场的有效性起着至关重要的作用。建立健全的汇率形成机制,需要以理顺国内要素市场价格为依托。     

人民币实际汇率升值与中国出口商品结构调整

本文讨论了由于各类贸易产品不同的投入结构导致汇率变动对出口商品结构的影响。本文分别核算了人民币实际汇率对劳动密集型产品和资本密集型产品出口额的弹性,从直观上显示人民币实际汇率升值对劳动密集型产品出口的影响大于资本密集型产品,从而有利于中国商品结构升级。本文对人民币实际汇率和中国出口商品结构进行了协整检验以及因果检验,结论表明,人民币汇率升值将有利于中国出口商品结构优化升级,而中国出口商品结构升级反过来对人民币汇率升值的促进作用不明显。     

差别消费权重、生产率与实际汇率:动态一般均衡模型对巴拉萨-萨缪尔森假说的扩展

本文在可贸易品和不可贸易品在总消费中的权重以及本国可贸易品和进口品在总可贸易消费品中的权重在国家间可以有差别的假定下,通过一个两国动态一般均衡模型分析了生产率对长期实际汇率的影响,以期对巴拉萨-萨缪尔森假说(BSH)进行扩展。分析结果显示,本国可贸易品部门的生产率上升不一定导致本币实际升值,而外国可贸易品部门的生产率上升也不一定导致本币实际贬值;两国相对可贸易品部门的生产率通过影响贸易条件可以对实际汇率产生影响,而传统的BSH忽略了这一渠道。以人民币对美元实际汇率的经验研究显示,差别消费权重假定下生产率对实际汇率的解释能力较传统BSH有显著提高。     

劳动力市场的横向分割与纵向分割之比较

本文以劳动力市场的横向分割与纵向分割两种分割系统为线索,力求对分割理论和现实情况进行勾勒与诠释,主要从生成因素、经济效应、应对之策三个维度对两者展开比较,试图对该研究领域的诸多观点进行梳理与整合。     

浅议市场分割与工资水平的决定

目前人们对工资越来越感到困惑:现有的工资水平是否与改革开放、与GDP增长相适应?现行的工资结构是否体现了市场经济的利益分配特征?现有的工资制度是否还是计划经济时代的遗留物?为什么收入差距会越来越大?其实,对这些问题的解释可以归咎到一点:即我国工资水平到底由什么来决定.     

市场分割与国债市场的价格反应差异

本文对CPI指数公布引起的债券价格反应进行研究,运用事件研究法比较了跨市场债券与非跨市场债券的不同反应,得出了两个债券市场由于市场分割导致价格发现效率差异的结论,并提出统一债券市场,提高市场效率的建议。     

房地产市场分割理论初探

随着家庭结构的变迁及城市化水平的不断提高,人们对住房需求不断增加,而高企的房价却令大多数消费者望而却步。中央政府为了抑制房价过快增长不断地进行宏观调控,然而宏观政策却在房地产利益集团的规避下收效甚微,房价持续走高。在这样的背景下,本文针对房价过高的原因进行总结,分析房地产利益集团的房地产商、地方政府、商业银行、投资者等利益主体以及消费者在房价博弈中所处的地位,提出对房地产市场进行分割的方法,在加大保障性住房建设的同时引导房地产利益集团的转移,从而达到降低房价的目的。     

人民币实际汇率弹性的非对称性研究:基于中国与G-7各国双边贸易数据的实证分析

本文旨在检验人民币实际汇率弹性在国别间的不对称性.文章以中国与G-7各国1990--2005年季度贸易数据为样本,采用自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL)和Pesaran等(2001)边限检验(the bound test)方法,对中国与G-7各国双边贸易方程进行了协整估计.结果显示,对应于不同的贸易对象国,人民币实际汇率弹性存在明显的不对称性,这种不对称性既取决于国别间进出口需求的差异,也取决于国别间人民币相对价值的不对称性变化.得出的结论是,仅靠汇率干预非但不能纠正我国总体外部失衡,还有可能导致外部失衡的结构性或总体性恶化.     

政府支出与均衡实际汇率

本文首先回顾了政府支出与均衡实际汇率之间关系的研究文献。开放的宏观经济理论认为 ,政府支出的增加会导致私人消费的增加 ,从而导致经常项目恶化和实际汇率上升。本文建立了一个关于消费者行为和政府行为分析的模型 ,并将其置于一个内外均衡的框架下讨论政府对贸易品和非贸易品支出变动对私人消费和均衡实际汇率的影响 ,以及政府的货币政策是如何影响政府支出政策进而对均衡实际汇率产生影响的。结论是 :政府对非贸易品支出的变化对均衡实际汇率的影响是不确定的 ;名义本币资产的增长对均衡实际汇率的影响也是不确定的。     

广东省劳动力市场分割与供求关系的实证分析

通过分析广东省劳动力供求状况,发现存在"供不应求"和"失业"并存的现象。那么是什么因素导致人才没有在各行业间自由流动呢?劳动力市场分割理论对此现象作出了解释,本文根据原因提出了相应的建议。     

Disaggregate Real Exchange Rate Behaviour

In this paper, we re-examine the “PPP Puzzle” using sectoral disaggregated data. Specifically, we first analyse the mean reversion speeds of real exchange rates for a number of different sectors in 11 industrial economies and then focus on relating these rates to variables identified in the literature as key determinants of CPI-based real exchange rates, namely: the trade balance, productivity and the mark up. In particular, we seek to understand to what extent the relationships existing at the aggregate level are borne out at the disaggregate level. We believe that this analysis can help shed light on the PPP puzzle.

Productivity and the Euro-Dollar Real Exchange Rate

This paper analyses how productivity differentials between the United States and the euro area drive the euro-dollar real exchange rate. We derive impulse responses from a two-sector new open economy macro (NOEM) model. These are used as sign restrictions to identify a structural vector autoregression. Our results show that the Balassa–Samuelson effect, through traded sector productivity shocks, is less important in explaining the variation in the euro-dollar exchange rate than are demand and nominal shocks. In particular, productivity can explain part of the appreciation of the dollar in the late 1990s only to the extent that it created a boost to aggregate demand in the United States. JEL no. F41, F31     

Nontradable Goods and the Real Exchange Rate

How important are nontradable goods and distribution costs to explain real exchange rate dynamics? We answer this question by estimating a general equilibrium model with intermediate and final tradable and nontradable goods. We find that the estimated model can match characteristics of the data that are relevant in international macroeconomics, such as real exchange rate persistence and volatility, and the correlation between the real exchange rate and other variables. The distinction between tradable and nontradable goods is key to understand real exchange rate fluctuations, but the introduction of distribution costs is not. Nontradable sector technology shocks explain about one third of real exchange rate volatility. We also show that, in order to explain the low correlation between the ratio of relative consumption and the real exchange rates across countries, demand shocks are necessary.     

Government Purchases and the Real Exchange Rate

Recent empirical research documents that an exogenous rise in government purchases in a given country triggers a persistent depreciation of its real exchange rate—which raises an important puzzle, as standard macro models predict an appreciation of the real exchange rate. This paper presents a simple model with limited international risk sharing that can account for the empirical real exchange rate response. When faced with a country-specific rise in government purchases, local households experience a negative wealth effect; they thus work harder, and domestic output increases. Under balanced trade (financial autarky) this supply-side effect is so strong that the terms of trade worsen, and the real exchange rate depreciates. In a bonds-only economy, an increase in government purchases triggers a real exchange rate depreciation, if the rise in government purchases is sufficiently persistent and/or labor supply is highly elastic.     

Real and Monetary Determination of the Egyptian Real Exchange Rate

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the question of whether the equilibrium condition of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) holds is investigated using Egyptian data between 1970(1) to 1990(4). Second, the role played by real and monetary variables on the Egyptian real exchange rates appreciation is also analyzed. The results of this paper suggest that PPP does not hold and that monetary expansion, capital controls, the increase in government consumption and terms of trade deterioration played a key role in the growing Egyptian real exchange rate appreciation. Résumé: Cet article comporte deux volets. Il évalue d'abord l'importance dc la condition d'équilibre que constitue la parité du pouvoir d'achat (PPA), en utilisant les données égyptiennes des années 1970 (1) a 1990 (4). Il analyse ensuite l'influence des variables réellcs et monétaires sur l'appréciation des taux de change réels en Egypte. Les conclusions de cette double analyse font croire que la PPA n'est pas un factcur déterminant et que l'expansion monétaire, les mesures de régulation des capitaux, l'accroissement de la consommation publique et la détérioration des termes de l'échange ont joué un rôle clé dans l'appréciation du taux de change réel en Egypte.     

The Behavior of the Real Exchange Rate Under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Regimes

This article investigates the behavior of real exchange rates under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Using data from both the Bretton Woods and the modern floating periods, we decompose real exchange rate movements into components attributable to supply shocks, real demand shocks, monetary shocks, capital flows shocks, and real oil price shocks. Empirical results show that real demand shocks are an important source of real exchange rate movements under both fixed and flexible rates, while monetary shocks are negligible. Supply and oil price shocks seem to be more important under Bretton Woods, while capital flows shocks seem to explain a relatively higher proportion of real exchange rate movements under the modern floating period.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Real Exchange Rate Interlinkages

This paper examines theoretically and empirically the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and the real exchange rate. It is found that in large countries with freely floating currencies, such as the USA, the UK and Japan, causality runs from the real exchange rate to FDI. These results are consistent with the predictions of models of financial behavior. Causality runs both ways in small countries with fixed or quasi fixed currencies, such as the EU countries. These results are consistent with models, which emphasize on trade integration. It is shown that a weaker euro will not have uniform effects on FDI inflows across the unified Europe.     

利率扭曲、房产价格与汇率波动

文章在构建一个包含信贷约束、价格粘性和工资粘性的新开放经济动态随机一般均衡(NOEM-DSGE)模型的基础上,运用贝叶斯方法估计模型中的结构参数,考察抵押率冲击、技术冲击和利率冲击对我国房产价格及实际汇率的动态影响。研究发现,一方面,正向的抵押率冲击使得房价上涨,汇率先贬值而后升值,而负向的利率冲击则使得房价上涨,汇率贬值,另一方面,正向的技术冲击则使得房价上涨和汇率升值;此外,我们进一步构建了MS-VAR模型实证研究了自2005年汇改以来利率、房价和汇率之间的动态关系。实证结果表明:扭曲的利率冲击导致了房价上涨和汇率贬值同时存在,因此,推动利率市场化改革对于实现我国经济长期均衡健康发展十分必要。