Die Asset Management Gesellschaft im Versicherungswesen — Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten, Problemfelder

The first part of the paper deals with the basic legal and organizational conditions, which are important in the case of insurance matters when founding an Asset Management. Its main emphasis deals with criteria which must be met when assuming the taking over of functions in the sense of § 5 subparagraph 3 no. 4 VAG. The author holds the opinion that insurance companies which hand over the above mentioned functions to an Asset Management company, exercise certain rights to advise this company. The second part is concerned with practical problems which arise in terms of organizational matters whenever a handing over of functions takes place from a legal point of view as mentioned in the first part of the paper. Finally, the opinion is taken that due to the remaining responsibility of the financial executive officers in insurance companies, Asset Management companies dealing with the assets of insurance companies have limited power.     

The sales force as an information transfer mechanism for new service development in the Thai insurance industry

New service development (NSD) is becoming increasingly important as the insurance industry in many countries opens up and becomes more competitive. This paper examines how customer views are integrated into the NSD process in the Thai insurance industry. The qualitative research was conducted using in-depth interviews with top officers, sales managers, senior vice-presidents of marketing and actuary managers in a number of leading life insurance and non-life insurance companies. The interviews investigated how NSD works in the Thai industry, focusing on how customer views enter the process. The results showed that the NSD process in Thailand is not oriented towards developing truly innovative products, but there is much NSD for adaptation of products from other markets. Sales agents act as a main information transfer mechanism, bringing in customer views through the sales managers, who play a role in NSD. Lack of cross-functional teamwork can cause failure in developing new products and services.     

Harmful events and misconducts in financial organizations: Human biases and root causes

We conduct a large scope field investigation of 19 major incidents in 19 large European insurance and banking institutions, based on 116 post-event interviews with managers and top executives over a two-year period. We demonstrate the power of the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method for detecting human biases documented by the behavioral finance, the organizational behavior and occupational psychology literatures. These biases constitute key operational risk factors these organizations. We find that organizational biases (such as a breach of psychological contract) take center stage as root causes of incidents in these organizations. We also find that banks are more exposed to emotional biases (fear and greed) and insurance companies more subjected to cognitive conservatism as root cause biases. This research has direct implications regarding how banks and insurance companies may cope with regulations that put a greater emphasis on measuring and controlling operational risk and specifically misconduct risk.     

对我国保险专业中介发展问题的思考

更高的效率与更低的成本,产业链各主体利益共赢的生存法则,是保险行业良性生态的基础。资金、人才、技术,成为制约保险专业中介做大做强的主要瓶颈。在规模化及技术进步的效率提高基础上深化与保险公司利益一致的战略合作,是其新时期发展的现实选择。以创新提升保险专业中介有效供给能力是现阶段最主要的任务。竞争发展,须由商业模式确定的战略定位及战略规划获得制高点。从专业型走向综合型,是企业组织管控能力与市场能力匹配的结果,是企业决策者基于现实资源能力深思熟虑市场战略的结果。     

Effizienz und Eigentümerstruktur: Eine empirische Analyse des deutschen Lebensversicherungsmarktes

We provide new insights into the effect of ownership on efficiency by analyzing the German life insurance market over the period 2002–2005. Previous research on alternative organizational forms in the life insurance industry has focused on stock and mutual ownership only. Due to the uniqueness of the German insurance market, where privately-owned companies face competition by public insurers, we add to the recent literature the well known debate on public versus private ownership, by investigating stock, mutual and public ownership forms. Using traditional DEA, we calculate technical efficiency and cost efficiency scores to test the efficient structure hypothesis as well as the expense preference hypothesis. Our results give strong support to the latter, while we find no evidence that public ownership is an efficient corporate structure for life insurers. The group of stock firms dominates both, mutual and public insurers, although differences between stock and mutual companies are smaller than differences between stock and public firms. Analyzing within-group results, our findings suggest that high efficiency scores can be associated with certain firm characteristics which are publicly available: high returns on assets, low cancellation rates and low costs.     

Analysis of Participating Life Insurance Contracts: A Unification Approach

Fair pricing of embedded options in life insurance contracts is usually conducted by using risk‐neutral valuation. This pricing framework assumes a perfect hedging strategy, which insurance companies can hardly pursue in practice. In this article, we extend the risk‐neutral valuation concept with a risk measurement approach. We accomplish this by first calibrating contract parameters that lead to the same market value using risk‐neutral valuation. We then measure the resulting risk assuming that insurers do not follow perfect hedging strategies. As the relevant risk measure, we use lower partial moments, comparing shortfall probability, expected shortfall, and downside variance. We show that even when contracts have the same market value, the insurance company's risk can vary widely, a finding that allows us to identify key risk drivers for participating life insurance contracts.     

中国合资寿险公司股权更迭的原因及影响

股权更迭是近两年我国合资寿险公司出现的新问题.目前合资寿险公司的股权更迭表现出四方面的明显特征.合资寿险公司的股权更迭是两方面原因相互交织的结果:一是经营业绩低于股东的最初预期,二是中外股东之间存在着内部冲突.股权更迭不只是简单地改变了合资寿险公司的股权结构,它给合资寿险公司的经营理念带来了冲击,而且还影响着寿险行业的生态环境.     

Financial Intermediary Versus Production Approach to Efficiency of Marketing Distribution Systems and Organizational Structure of Insurance Companies

An examination of the efficiency of the marketing distribution channel and organizational structure for insurance companies is presented from a framework that views the insurer as a financial intermediary rather than as a “production entity” which produces “value added” through loss payments. Within this financial intermediary approach, solvency can be a primary concern for regulators of insurance companies, claims‐paying ability can be a primary concern for policyholders, and return on investment can be a primary concern for investors. These three variables (solvency, financial return, and claims‐paying ability) are considered as outputs of the insurance firm. The financial intermediary approach acknowledges that interests potentially conflict, and the strategic decision makers for the firm must balance one concern versus another when managing the insurance company. Accordingly, we investigate the efficiency of insurance companies using data envelopment analysis (DEA) having as insurer output an appropriately selected (for the firm under investigation) combination of solvency, claims‐paying ability, and return on investment as outputs. These efficiency evaluations are further examined to study stock versus mutual form of organizational structure and agency versus direct marketing arrangements, which are examined separately and in combination. Comparisons with the “value‐added” or “production” approach to insurer efficiency are presented. A new DEA approach and interpretation is also presented.     

企业成长的影响因素——基于中国寿险业的实证研究

企业成长理论是是近年来研究的热门话题,但在国内的文献却不多,以保险业为研究对象更少。以我国寿险企业以研究对象,检验是否遵从Gibrat法则,探讨寿险企业成长的驱动力。结果发现,国内寿险企业规模呈高度斜性分布,即企业规模不是一个纯粹随机事件,必然与某些因素相关;并选取2005年～2009年国内26家寿险企业,采用随机效应面板模型,结论是短期内企业成长与企业规模相关,并不支持Gibrat法则。另外还发现,寿险企业成长受投入成本、是否是集团企业和行业集中度等因素影响,但与分保比例和GDP增速关系不显著。     

寿险营销渠道创新:直复营销模式在我国的应用

本文着重讨论直复营销这一创新销售模式于我国寿险业运用,并通过和传统营销模式的比较指出其优势,及我国寿险企业开展直复营销的前景与制约条件,旨在为寿险公司的营销渠道创新提供一些新思路.     

危机前后美国寿险公司不动产投资研究

基于ISIS全球保险公司数据库收录的美国寿险公司数据资料,本文研究了美国寿险公司的不动产投资情况.研究发现,从美国寿险公司的资产组合构成来看,不动产投资所占的比重还很低,且在次贷危机前后不动产投资在整个资产组合中所占的比重没有很大的变动.在美国房地产市场顶峰期的2005年,寿险公司所持有的不动产投资反而是最低的.但是,...     

长寿风险的创新解决方案

长寿风险是指个人实际寿命高于预期寿命产生的财务风险.长寿风险给保险公司同时带来了新的挑战与机遇.近年来西方保险公司推出了各种应对长寿风险的创新解决方案,包括附保证变额年金、长期护理保险、反向抵押贷款和长寿风险证券化,对我国具有借鉴意义.本文从保险公司的新视角系统梳理了这四种创新方案,并对其优缺点和适用条件进行了比较分析...     

Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector: A Review and Directions for Future Research

This article reviews the extant research on systemic risk in the insurance sector and outlines new areas of research in this field. We summarize and classify 48 theoretical and empirical research papers from both academia and practitioner organizations. The survey reveals that traditional insurance activity in the life, nonlife, and reinsurance sectors neither contributes to systemic risk nor increases insurers’ vulnerability to impairments of the financial system. However, nontraditional activities (e.g., credit default swap underwriting) might increase vulnerability, and life insurers might be more vulnerable than nonlife insurers due to higher leverage. Whether nontraditional activities also contribute to systemic risk is not entirely clear; however, the activities with the potential to contribute to systemic risk include underwriting financial derivatives and providing financial guarantees. This article is not only likely of interest to academics but also highly relevant for the industry, regulators, and policymakers.     

人寿保险行业市场开放度效率研究

以东、中、西部各省(市)人寿保险公司设立、寿险保费收入和中外资寿险人员安排的劳动力投入等指标数据衡量人寿保险业的市场布局,结果显示:东、中、西部2002-2011年人寿保险公司一级(省级)分公司数量和分布密度逐年增加,各省寿险保费收入和中外资寿险人员劳动力投入的布局比重基本呈现逐年递增的趋势.运用DEA中投入导向CCR模型对我国人寿保险行业市场开放度效率进行分析,结果显示:中资寿险开放度效率相对较高,全国水平次之,外资寿险较低但呈现递增波动趋势.人寿保险业市场开放布局与开放度效率呈阶段式波动递增相关关系.     

2006～2009:我国中资与外(合)资保险公司经营效率的比较研究

2011年是中国加入WTO十周年.十年来,我国保险业对外开放程度明显提高,保险业步入了快速发展的黄金时期.截至目前,我国共有外(合)资保险公司46家,世界上主要的跨国保险金融集团和发达国家的保险公司已经基本进入我国.2009年,我国外(合)资保险公司保费收入458.02亿元,与加入WTO前相比增长了约4.7倍.本文选择...     

消费者投诉冲击与保险公司业绩北大核心

保险消费者权益保护是保险监管的目标之一,也是保险市场健康发展与成熟的标志。本文以中国保险监管部门开通首个保险消费者投诉热线作为外生政策变量,利用2009-2018年中国163家保险公司数据设计准自然实验,研究了保险消费者投诉热线的外部监督职能及其对保险公司业绩的影响。研究结果表明:保险消费者投诉热线的开通显著降低了消费者权益保护水平更差的保险公司业绩;佣金激励水平越高,保险消费者投诉冲击对消费权益保护水平更差的保险公司业绩的负向影响越显著;区分人身保险公司与财产保险公司后发现,保险消费者投诉冲击对消费者权益保护水平更差的财产保险公司业绩的负向影响更显著。本文研究成果丰富了消费者权益与保险公司治理理论,对保险消费者权益保护实践和保险市场高质量发展具有启示意义。     

Factors influencing the role of management accounting in the development of performance measures within organizational change programs

Many companies are undergoing organizational changes encompassing innovative approaches to organizing production processes, restructuring work practices and developing new planning and control mechanisms. This paper explores the role that management accounting played in the development of performance measurement systems within five organizations implementing change programs. The major case study is of a large manufacturing firm undertaking changes which included the development of team structures, the adoption of a customer-focused strategy and the implementation of new performance measurement systems. In this company, a lack of integration of operational performance measures with strategic priorities contributed to poor integration of team activities with overall strategy. The paper proposes five interrelated factors that may help explain the extent to which management accountants contribute to the development of integrated performance measures and change programs. Case evidence drawn from a further four firms is presented to provide some validation of conclusions drawn from the primary case study.     

“偿二代”监管体系下寿险公司风险管理研究

随着经济发展进入新常态,已有的监管体系"偿一代"已无法适应当前以及未来寿险业风险管理的要求.2016年,以全面风险管理为导向的"偿二代"正式实施,给我国寿险公司的风险管理带来了深刻影响.为此,本文从负债端、资产端和公司风险管理三个方面分析"偿二代"对寿险公司风险管理的作用路径及影响.研究发现:在"偿二代"下寿险公司在负债端的风险管理重点应在于着力优化并调整产品结构,使得长期期缴业务成为核心;在资产端的风险管理重点应在于提升权益投资和另类投资比例;在公司的风险管理上应逐步加强完善风险管理框架,不断提高全面风险管理能力.     

Junk bonds,life insurer insolvency,and stock market reactions: The case of first executive corporation

The First Executive Corporation was the largest failure in the history of the life insurance industry. The company was one of the most aggressive purchasers of junk bonds through the 1980s and was the first of several large failures in the staid life insurance industry. In this article, we examine the effect of First Executive's failure on the value of companies in the life insurance industry. We find that the price of other life insurance companies' stock is negatively affected by the earnings announcement that preceded First Executive's failure. The magnitude of an individual company's reaction to First Executive's loss varies according to the proportion of the company's assets invested in junk bonds, the proportion of the company's assests invested in real estate, and the financial strength of the company as measured by A.M. Best's rating.     

全面开放对中国寿险产业组织的影响

在全面开放的背景下,中国寿险业的产业组织面临重构.寿险公司占有市场份额与其竞争努力程度负相关.国有背景的寿险公司及中资寿险公司具有一定的行为优势.较高的集中度代表较强的市场势力,必将导致较高绩效;市场竞争行为越激烈时,绩效越会因竞争消磨而表现欠佳.市场结构的改变可能会对不同的竞争行为模式产生差异化结果.应对全面开放,需从寿险公司、保险行业以及保险监管部门几方面进行改革.