新中国农村土地产权制度60年变迁轨迹分析

制度变迁有其相应的路径约束。我国农村土地产权制度变迁在不同阶段面临特定的历史条件和路径约束。土改及农民土地所有制的建立,既是农民在缺乏土地的替代性要素下对土地的依赖,也是我们党革命的政治目标。土地集体所有制及农业集体化生产模式的确立,是社会主义革命的内在要求,也是我们实现工业化战略目标。超越农村生产力发展水平的集体化生产模式,导致生产效率低下,家庭联产承包责任制是在社会主义集体所有制框架内对集体化生产模式的制度创新,而城乡二元制度的制度约束,要求按农村家庭人口数量平均分配土地。     

农业产业组织创新与农村经济发展

目前我国农业产业的市场经济不合理,市场行为不规范,市场绩效差,产业整体效益低。农业产业组织在经历了个人所有个人经营模式、合作社经营模式、人民公社经营模式、家庭承包责任制的变迁后,其发展越来越表现出滞后性。农业产业组织的创新已成为我国农村经济进一步发展的正相关因素,其创新的方式有两种：一是农业产业化、二是合作经济与农户农场制。     

美国的家庭农场制给予的启示与我国农业生产组织形式的创新

随着改革的深化,我国现行的农业生产经营方式已经越来越不能适应现代化、国际化农业发展的需要。鉴于此,我们在反思现行农业生产经营模式成败得失的同时,不得不探求适合我国现代农业企业制度发展的新思路。本文从分析美国家庭农场的发展与特点入手,分析了农业生产组织形式创新的必要性,以及我国农业生产组织形式创新的模式和构建民营农场制度对推动农业现代化经营的积极效应。最终得出结论:要提升我国农业的国际竞争力,构建和谐的社会发展环境(我国国情决定了构建和谐社会的重点与难点在农村),必须实现农业生产组织形式的创新,即构建符合中国国情与适合农业生产发展特点的现代民营农场制度。     

家庭农场发展的困境与解决之道

家庭农场是创新中国农业生产经营体制的新型经营主体。大力推广家庭农场就是要在尊重农业生产规律的基础上,实现农业由传统粗放式的生产向现代化、集约化的生产方式转变,最终保障中国的粮食安全。走出家庭农场发展困境,推进农地"三权分离",提高农业集约化水平,深化农村金融改革,发展农业社会化服务体系是根本解决之道。     

家庭农庄发展的经济学思考

随着农村经济的发展和改革的深入,广大农村兴起了一种新型的经营组织形式——家庭农庄。家庭农庄是以承包经营为基础,以土地规模经营为前提,以专业化生产、集约化经营、科学化种养、企业化管理、多元化投资为基本特征的农地经营新模式。它是农业经营体制的重大创新,为实现传统农业向现代农业的转变提供了有效途径,展示了新阶段农业发展的广阔前景。湖北荆州是农庄经济发展较快的地区,目前全市各类家庭农庄已发展到1万多个,经营的土地面积达60多万亩,对农村经济的发展起到了巨大的推动作用。家庭农庄为什么能推动农村经济的发展?它的经济学理…     

“四化同步”下的农村土地经营模式探索——基于广东湛江的实践

工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化等"四化同步"的不断推进,将推动城乡之间要素相互融合、实现优化配置。处于"四化"交集的农村土地经营模式也将发生变革。在分析农地利益相关者改革愿望的基础上,对湛江农村土地经营创新的四种模式,即土地综合整治模式、土地规模化经营模式、承包经营权资本化模式和土地流转模式的做法、效果和问题进行了分析。结果显示,村集体经济组织是农村土地经营模式创新的组织保障,农地所有权、承包权和经营权实现分置是土地经营制度创新的产权基础,而保障农民的发展权是实现土地创新的群众基础。     

关于农村土地使用权流转的探讨

在农业发展的新阶段，农业生产的形势和任务发生了很大变化。从形势上看，农业生产的发展已由受资源约束和依靠政策拉动转变为受资源和市场双重约束，或者说更大程度上取决于市场需求和农业科技的进步。从任务上看，农业生产的目的已由为了解决温饱追求量的扩张转变为为了实现农民增收追求效益的提高。在新的形势和任务面前，家庭承包经营在土地经营形式上所客观存在的资源劣势逐渐显现出来，其突出表现：一是承包地块过于零碎，不利于耕作管理，难以实行规模经营和集约经营。二是分等定级、按人均承包土地     

美国的家庭农场制度与我国农业生产经营模式的创新

本文从分析美国家庭农场的发展与特点入手,指出要提升我国农业的国际竞争力,必须实现农业生产经营模式的创新,即构建符合中国国情与适合农业生产发展特点的现代民营农场制度。     

农业合作化运动的反思与启示——基于新时期农村生产经营组织的发展形势

2016年中央一号文件再次聚焦农村生产经营组织的建设,提出支持供销合作社创办领办农民合作社,引领农民参与农村产业融合发展、分享产业链收益,并倡导培育新型农业生产经营组织、创新农业生产经营体制.随着"三农"工作进入新的时期,农业生产与经营也面临着新的形势.回顾我国农村生产经营组织的变革历程,农业合作化道路的实现与发展是一大重点.从试办合作组到人民公社,从家庭联产承包责任制的实施到推广建设家庭农场,每一次变革都有着极为深刻的历史意义.新形势下,要坚持以农民利益为落脚点,发挥农民的自主性.同时,要推动农村生产经营组织的多元化发展,发挥不同组织的比较优势.     

我国农业生产经营组织形式变革的实现途径探析

我国目前的农业生产方式主要是农户制下的小农生产.我国农村经济已逐步步入以专业化、分工合作、竞争为标志的现代经济运作机制,小农生产的农户制生产组织制度框架与现代农业生产产生了一定的矛盾.不论是农户制下的家庭承包责任制,还是当前大力推广的农户制下的农业产业化经营制度,都存在着不同程度的缺陷.农场制是取代农户制的最佳方式.以农场制为基础推行农业产业化经营是我国现代农业发展的方向.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.     

Why rationality may be a consequence of Hume's theory of choice

Facing R. Sugden's criticism of our interpretation, it is shown in this paper that rationality appears as a possible consequence of Hume's theory of choice. We first argue that Sugden's dismissal of the preference relation from the type of rationality through which Hume's theory is apprehended, is highly disputable, from the point of view of both standard choice theory and Hume's theory of passions. Nonetheless, Sugden's criterion of rationality might be restated in Humean terms as a condition of non-revision of preferences in the dynamics of passions. But, since the process of choice that we have described explicitly takes into account the revision of preferences, and shows that, when this last is no longer required, rationality occurs as an outcome of this process, it is not really concerned by Sugden's criticism.     

Team Dynamics Where Followers Have Illusion about Guide

A team is assigned to accomplish a task in each infinitely-repeated period. The guide of the team and his followers are allowed to have asymmetric productivity; also the followers have either a hostile or favorable illusion toward the guide. Respective efforts and the followers’ illusion are private information. At the end of each period, the output of the joint task emerges and the followers evaluate the guide. The analysis shows (1) that potential for an unreasonable evaluation suppresses the guide’s effort down to an average level; (2) letting the followers inform the guide of their illusion in advance increases both sides’ payoffs; (3) abolishing the evaluation reduces both sides’ payoffs in general; and (4) however, if the magnitude of the followers’ hostile illusion weighted by its relative probability is enormous, abolishing the evaluation increases the output and the guide’s payoff.     

US Hegemony and the Origins of Japanese Nuclear Power: The Politics of Consent

This paper deploys the Gramscian concepts of hegemony and consent in order to explore the process whereby nuclear power was brought to Japan. The core argument is that nuclear power was brought to Japan as a consequence of US hegemony. Rather than a simple manifestation of one state exerting material ‘power over' another, bringing nuclear power to Japan involved a series of compromises worked out within and between state and civil society in both Japan and the USA. Ideologies of nationalism, imperialism and modernity underpinned the process, coalescing in post-war debates about the future trajectory of Japanese society, Japan's Cold War alliance with the USA and the role of nuclear power in both. Consent to nuclear power was secured through the generation of a psychological state in the public mind combining the fear of nuclear attack and the hope of unlimited consumption in a nuclear-fuelled post-modern world.