基于十大分类的中国资本存量重估：1978~2016年

研究目标：根据最新的统计数据测算我国的资本存量。研究方法：根据我国1978~2016年的相关数据,利用永续盘存法进行测算。研究发现：本文的测算的资本存量要略小于现有文献的结果;我国的资本产出比正处于快速上升阶段。研究创新：使用最新统计数据将资本构成进一步细化为十个大类,分别考虑了每类资本的初始资本存量、折旧率、资本形成额和价格指数,计算得到1978~2016年各类资本存量;在应用几何折旧法时,将折旧率拆解为固定折旧率与可变折旧率两部分,其中可变折旧率与经济增长率正相关,更加贴近实际情况。研究价值：在对已有研究进行深入分析的基础上,采用更为精细的方法和更贴近现实的假设,应用最新的数据,重新估算中国资本存量,得出的研究结果相比过去的研究更加可靠。研究结果对今后的基础研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

中国R&D资本存量测算：1952~2014年

2008年SNA修订了R&D支出的核算方法,R&D支出不再视为中间消耗,而是作为固定资本形成处理。本文依据2008年SNA和我国R&D统计调查数据等,科学测算了1952年以来每年R&D活动所形成的资产价值,同时对R&D资产进口和出口进行了适当调整。然后,在合理选取和估计R&D资产折旧率、R&D价格指数和基年R&D资本存量的基础上,根据永续盘存法对我国1952~2014年R&D资本存量进行了测算。结果显示,我国R&D投资与R&D内部经费支出的年平均比例为95.5%,我国R&D资本存量总体上呈快速增长趋势,2014年达到42244亿元,且R&D资本存量与GDP之比呈“N”形趋势,经历了先上升后下降再上升的过程。     

中国的资本存量与投资效率

本文通过吸收资本存量（K）研究的已有成果,改进了K估算中经济折旧率为常数的假定,采用时变经济折旧率重新估算了1952～2010 年全国的资本存量。我们发现,以本文测算的时变经济折旧代替以往常用的固定折旧率,同时采用永续盘存法的原始公式代替常用的简化公式,有助于提高K估值的准确性。在此基础上,本文估算了宏观资本回报率,与多数文献所认为的宏观资本回报率具有长期下降趋势不同,我们发现1978~2007年中国宏观资本回报率呈长期上升趋势。     

中国资本存量K的再估算：1952～2006年

本文通过比较现有资本存量的研究文献吸取了有益的内容,同时扬弃了部分不合理的估算假定和前后不一致的推算方法,重新构建了资本存量估算中的四个核心指标,尤其是对基期资本存量和折旧率的确定进行了细致的推算。本文还根据国家统计局最近基于经济普查和年度修正的最新数据资料,利用永续盘存法估算了1952～2006年全国和省际的资本存量,从而为后续的许多相关研究提供了更为准确的基础数据。     

中国研发（R&D）资本存量估计：1978—2012

目前鲜有文献涉及R&D资本存量的估计,且存在明显缺陷,以致影响了后续研究的准确性和可靠性,因而有必要延长年限重新估计。本文合理选取R&D投入指标、增长率g、折旧率δ和价格指数权重,利用永续盘存法对中国1978—2012年R&D资本存量进行了测算。研究发现:(1)2000年是中国R&D资本存量增长的突破点,实现了从缓慢低位增长到迅速攀升的转变;(2)R&D资本存量占GDP份额呈现为"U"型走势,经历了先下降后提升的过程;(3)无论是R&D资本存量的绝对值还是R&D资本存量占GDP份额,中国均明显落后于美国。中国R&D活动取得了重要进展,但仍需通过加大R&D投入以提升国家创新能力。     

中国省际公共资本投入效率差异及影响因素

通过合理界定公共资本内涵及统计范围,运用永续盘存法、“年龄—效率”函数谨慎测算1985~2013年中国省际生产性公共资本存量,并基于数据包络分析法探讨公共资本投入效率的变化趋势、区域差异及影响因素。结果表明：公共资本投入效率自1993年以来显著提升,并逐步替代技术进步成为劳动生产率增长的首要来源;沿海地区公共资本存量处于全国领先水平,长江中游、西南和黄河中游地区公共资本投入效率增速相对较快,西北地区公共资本规模及效率增速均处于落后状态;财政分权与公共资本投入效率增长呈显著正相关。     

对我国高技术产业技术水平的思考——基于cobb—douglas函数对技术水平的估算

本文用永续盘存法估算了高技术产业和制造业1995～2010年的资本存量,运用科布道格拉斯(C—D)生产函数简略计算了我国高技术产业和传统产业的技术水平。高技术产业的技术水平在相同的资本弹性系数下高于传统产业,若考虑符合实际的资本弹性系数,高技术产业的技术水平低于传统产业。     

我国公共投资固定资本存量最优规模实证分析

以改进永续盘存法对我国1952-2009年的公共投资与民间投资固定资本存量进行了测算,然后借助柯布—道格拉斯(Cobb-Douglas)生产函数对我国公共投资的最佳规模进行了实证分析,发现目前我国公共投资固定资本存量占GDP的比重远远超过了26.83%的最优规模。据此分析了我国公共投资规模超标的原因,并提出了改进建议。     

农村金融发展、资本存量提升与农村经济增长

研究目标：农村金融发展、资本存量提升对农村经济增长的影响。研究方法：采用永续盘存法测算农村资本存量,以1980~2014年小样本数据构建VEC模型,再进一步用Bootstrap Chow检验来研究制度变量的影响。研究发现：农户储蓄存款、资本存量能显著促进农村经济的增长,但提高农村金融机构存贷比对经济贡献不大;农村资本存量发挥正效应要经历较长时滞;农村金融促进经济增长的力度受制于国家宏观政策。研究创新：从技术层面对现有文献的金融指标进行精练,重新估测农村资本存量,特别注重小样本约束下的VEC建模技术,并在Chow检验时采用Bootstrap仿真方法来确定临界值。研究价值：从技术上深化了VEC模型适用性探讨,增强了有关农村金融实证结论的有效性。     

省际第三产业资本存量：框架、检验及动态轨迹

研究目标：省际第三产业资本存量的估算、检验及动态轨迹分析。研究方法：运用永续盘存法非传统途径估算总资本存量K、净资本存量Kn、生产性资本存量KP，采用重心法考察第三产业资本存量的空间分布特征。研究发现：K、Kn是反映资产价格财富的价值指标，KP是反映资产生产能力和服务效率的物量指标。相较K、Kn，使用KP作为资本投入指标，能反映固定资产的生产能力和资本投入状况。自1978年以来，我国第三产业资本投入持续增长且呈现以东部为核心的态势，资本分布的区域不均衡状况没有根本改变。研究创新：从理论内涵和估算方法上比较分析K、Kn、KP三者并进行检验。研究价值：有助于中国第三产业资本估算与国际接轨、成为国际核算案例的一部分并更好地参与讨论。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.