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1.
关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考 总被引:175,自引:13,他引:175
实施可持续发展战略是中国旅游业发展的必然选择。除了包含经济的发展、环境的保护、社会的进步等内容外,可持续发展更需要一种发展理念和评判依据。社区参与旅游发展就是旅游可持续发展宏观系统中不可或缺的机制。本文试从这一角度出发,在提出社区参与的概念的基础上,探讨参与所涉及的不同层面及参与的内在机理,并针对目前中国实施社区参与旅游发展存在的问题提出实现社区参与旅游发展的方法和措施,旨在为旅游发展方针、政策的制定提供决策依据。 相似文献
2.
乡村居民参与旅游开发的轮流制模式及社区增权效能研究——云南香格里拉雨崩社区个案 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
本文以香格里拉梅里雪山周边雨崩藏族村的旅游开发为研究背景,分析了该区村民参与旅游开发的轮流制模式,认为这是一个社区主动参与旅游发展,基本实现了经济增权、政治增权、心理增权和社会增权的典型案例。轮流制模式一方面妥善协调与巧妙解决了村民参与旅游开发利益分配的不均衡,控制了外来投资,同时避免了由于无序竞争引起的经济利益过于集中现象,对构建雨崩村社会和谐起着非常大的积极作用。值得注意的是,雨崩村民的增权有一个重要的假设条件,即村民绝对拥有在村境内的住宿、餐饮、租马等经营权。本质上雨崩村的旅游增权是个人增权,一旦有外来旅游企业进入,原来取得的利益均衡和分配制度将会被破坏。从此角度讲,制度增权的缺失又对提高民族地区旅游目的地新农村建设构成了阻碍。 相似文献
3.
社区参与旅游发展,是指社区作为旅游发展的主体进入旅游开发、规划、管理、决策、监督等涉及旅游发展重大事宜的活动中,以便在保证旅游可持续发展的前提下实现社区的全面发展。社区参与旅游发展提出的根据主要是旅游发展对目的地社区的消极影响,如资源过度使用、环境破坏、文化变迁,旅游飞地现象、旅游孤岛现象。 相似文献
4.
运用实证方法研究社区旅游参与,表明我国社区旅游参与并不仅仅是理论上的倡导,或仅为咨询式参与、伪参与,而是已存在的地方实践活动。四川省甘孜州盐源县泸沽湖镇博树村、云南梅里雪山雨崩社区和云南丽江市古城区拉市乡海北村恩宗三社3个旅游社区,通过全体村民共同参与制定规则,确立了社区旅游参与的自发机制。这种规则,从法律形式来讲可归入村规民约范畴。同时,旅游社区还利用合同协调内部及外部的旅游竞争关系或协作关系。克服村规民约有限性的办法就是制定国家法律,确立社区旅游参与的立法,要求政府及开发商必须在尊重社区利益,保证社区有效参与旅游的情况下进行旅游开发,赋予社区旅游参与权,保障旅游业的可持续发展,促进社区与旅游业的共同发展。 相似文献
5.
从缺失到凸显:社区参与旅游发展研究脉络 总被引:35,自引:3,他引:35
国内外的研究者目前都逐渐把社区及其居民作为旅游发展的主体,社区参与也因之成为旅游可持续发展的关键要素.本文在对社区参与研究脉络和走向进行分析的基础上,揭示出社区参与理论共识的达成经历了\"从缺失到凸显\"的过程.在对社区参与的关注方面,中国和西方的研究具有各不相同的历程. 相似文献
6.
一、世界遗产地的旅游发展联合国教育、科学及文化组织于1972年11月第17届会议通过《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》,旨在针对具有突出普遍价值的文化和自然遗产提供紧急和长期的保护.至此,在世界范围内掀起了对遗产资源保护与利用的持续关注. 相似文献
7.
赋权理论与旅游发展中的社区能力建设 总被引:9,自引:3,他引:9
伴随着旅游业的急速增长,作为旅游业利益相关者中之弱势群体的社区,亟须予以不同层面的赋权以提高其参与能力.赋权是一个建立意识、增强能力和发展技能,通向更多参与、更加平等、更大影响的行动过程.本文通过对国内不同地域社区旅游目的地的追踪研究,在赋权理论的框架下,提出旅游发展中社区能力建设的基本路径. 相似文献
8.
民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制 总被引:30,自引:1,他引:30
民族村寨作为一类特殊社区,是我国乡村旅游开发的重要区域.社区参与是民族村寨旅游可持续发展的前提,而社区旅游利益的保障是社区有效参与的决定性因素.本文从旅游利益分配现状及其原因出发,基于开发的基本理念和目标提出了民族村寨社区参与旅游的利益保障机制. 相似文献
9.
制度增权:社区参与旅游发展之土地权利变革 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
社区参与旅游发展失败的原因可以归结为三个方面:权利失败、机会缺失与能力匮乏。对于后两者,研究者们已经开展了广泛的研究。而针对社区居民\"无权\"和\"去权\"的权利失败状况,学术界至今缺乏应有的关注。文章以马克思地租理论为起点,结合现代产权理论,通过对典型案例的研究,剖析了我国农村土地产权状态及其决定的旅游开发增值收益分配在理论上和现实中的矛盾性,提出了\"吸引物权\"这一新型的产权权利,并指出我国农村社区参与权利失败的制度性根源在于集体土地所有权受限制支配、所有权主体\"虚位\"和吸引物权\"缺位\",最后,在此基础上提出了推动中国农村社区参与旅游发展的土地权利变革之路。 相似文献
10.
南岭国家森林公园旅游企业主导的社区参与模式研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
社区是生态旅游利益相关者的关键角色之一.本文在有关社区参与生态旅游的理论研究和文献综述的基础上,针对我国生态旅游社区参与的实残,选取具有代表性的南岭国家森林公园为案例,通过对当地社区、旅游企业及政府等相关利益主体及其相互关系的研究,提出了\"旅游企业主导的社区参与模式\",并探讨了该模式可持续运作的关键环节和优化模式.因子分析的结果进一步表明,社区主人翁意识、公共福利、教育培训机会以及经济收益等,是影响社区参与生态旅游的自主性和可持续性的重要因素.研究结果丰富了生态旅游社区参与的理论,并对我国生态旅游的社区实践具有一定的参考价值. 相似文献
11.
A.J. Veal 《Leisure Studies》2016,35(2):215-240
This paper was prompted by the publication in Britain in 2009 of The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always do Better, by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, which attracted considerable comment, both positive and negative and both substantive and methodological. The book claimed to show that, on a range of health and social measures of well-being, rich countries with more equal income distributions tended to perform better than those with less equal income distributions. Leisure time and behaviour were not among the indicators of well-being included and, while some researchers have sought to fill this gap, the range of leisure indicators used to date has been limited. This paper examines the relationship between income inequality and leisure time on a world-wide basis, and ten measures of cultural participation and two of sport and physical recreation participation in European countries. Efforts are made to address some of the methodological criticisms which have been made of The Spirit Level. It is found that more equal countries have more leisure time and higher levels of participation in cultural and sporting activities, and that there are also significant relationships with absolute Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head and with religious-related values. The extent to which variations in leisure time and participation are related to income inequality is linked to Thorstein Veblen’s theory of pecuniary emulation, referred to as the ‘Veblen effect’. 相似文献
12.
Len M. Hunt Wolfgang Haider Brain Bottan 《Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal》2013,35(4):297-314
Recreation planners and managers realize the importance of different tastes and preferences among recreationists. This fact is explicit in recreational planning efforts and in the theories developed to understand recreational behaviors. While market segmentation approaches steeped in behavioral theory provide a rich source of information to planners and managers, we argue that such exogenous market segmentation approaches alone are insufficient to understand the degree of variability in tastes and preferences among recreationists. In this paper we employ a random parameters logit model to account for both the extent and sources of heterogeneity in preferences among recreationists. We illustrate the random parameters logit choice model with an application to the stated choices for hunting sites by moose hunters from northwestern Ontario. The application shows that the random parameters logit represents a considerable improvement over multinomial logit models based on market segmentation approaches. 相似文献
13.
Tourism is a potential setting for encouraging sustainable behaviour. One popular mechanism is to stage events with a sustainability focus, aimed at fostering behaviour change amongst attendees. This paper reports on a study of a sustainability-focused event in Australia. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) was used to explore if and how this event could potentially promote pro-environmental behaviour change amongst attendees. TTM provides a five-stage framework, linked to a series of 10 processes of change, with both attitudinal and behavioural dimensions. The stages comprise pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Findings suggest that this event attracts individuals already significantly committed to sustainable behaviour who are using the event as a source of encouragement and positive feedback for their lifestyle choices. They are not the audience that the organisers need to reach in order to achieve their aim of behaviour change on a broader scale. This event did, however, support the processes of change, particularly for those in the “action” and “maintenance” stages. This paper considers the implications of these findings and TTM as a research tool for the future promotion and marketing of these events to tourists, possible applications to tourism fairs and exhibitions, and to behavioural change in tourism generally. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism》2013,12(1):37-67
ABSTRACT For more than fifty of the world's poorest countries such as Thailand, Zambia, and Egypt, tourism is ranked first, second or third in terms of their economies, and tourism is the only service industry to show a positive balance of trade with flows from first world countries to developing countries exceeding those in the opposite flow by US$ 66 million. Yet tourism has only very recently been recogised by some aid donors, some international funding agencies, and some segments of the industry as an appropriate instrument for poverty reduction (WTO, 2000). This article addresses the role of tourism as a development strategy in poverty alleviation, discussing the possible strategic senarios for future tourism in South Africa with special focus on local community involvement. 相似文献
15.
This study assesses community participation in a community-based tourism enterprise in Botswana, the Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, founded in 1992. Data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, interviews with key stakeholders and community focus group discussions. Results indicate that although Community-Based Natural Resource Management is popular in many southern African nations, communities still face challenges and constraints which hinder their participation in community-based enterprises. While some other studies in Botswana indicate the value of community-based tourism, 95% of adult residents in the Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust area did not know who owned the Trust, and 98% had never been to the Trust's lands. There was community disappointment about loss of cattle grazing and other land-related benefits, lack of communication with the community, lack of benefits, the low numbers employed and the slow progress of the project which did not record a profit until 2008. But the Trust now has over 25% of the rhinos in Botswana and has seen visitor numbers rise from 1820 in 1996 to over 21,000 in 2008. Suggestions for the future include appointment of a community liaison officer, training for local people in tourism and management and use of single-community rather than multi-community trusts. 相似文献
16.
从“社区参与”走向“社区增权”——西方“旅游增权”理论研究述评 总被引:32,自引:5,他引:32
增权是目的地获得可持续发展的重要前提.缺乏关于政治和权力关系的分析,仅将社区参与作为一个经济和技术过程而不是政治过程,是当前社区参与旅游发展在实践中不能取得真正进步的原因.本文对西方增权理论以及旅游研究中有关增权的研究成果进行了介绍和分析,认为旅游增权这一新兴理论的提出必将对未来发展中国家的旅游实践产生深刻的影响.文章剖析了西方旅游研究者仅仅关注于社区增权模式的局限性,提出个人增权先于社区增权的观点,并指出在把增权理论应用于中国的旅游实践时,除了西方学者倡导的信息增权和教育增权外,还需要将增权的范围扩展到\"个人权利\"的增进和制度增权,通过国家政治制度的建设保障个人权利和社区增权的合法性. 相似文献
17.
乡村旅游偏好差异测量研究:基于离散选择模型 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
消费者偏好分析是进行产品开发、市场营销的基础,本文运用离散选择模型中的Multinomial logit(MNL)模型,分析旅游消费者在产品选择过程中,其个人特征及行为特征对某类旅游产品偏好的影响。通过大连乡村旅游消费者产品选择行为的实证研究,表明乡村旅游消费者对不同类别产品的偏好,会随着消费者个人特征和行为特征的不同而发生变化。MNL模型能较为合理地解释乡村旅游者个人特征和行为特征与乡村旅游产品选择偏好之间的关系。 相似文献
18.
Heather Mair 《Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal》2013,35(2):197-202
Abstract Knowledge about preferences for campsite attributes is needed so that management strategies can be guided by users’ preferences for settings and experiences. However, results of campsite choice studies have shown great variability across settings. Reexamination of this research shows a hierarchical typology of attributes: most important are necessity attributes, which supply basic camping needs, followed by experience attributes, which enhance preferred experience outcomes, and finally amenity attributes, which are relatively minor but can improve site quality. A survey of Whitewater boaters confirmed the predicted order of attribute importance and generally supported the proposed definitions of attribute types. A tentative model of campsite choice is offered in which sites are evaluated first for their ability to provide necessity attributes, then experience attributes, and finally, if more than one potential site remains, amenity attributes. Constraints may cut the evaluation process short anytime after the initial (necessity attribute) stage. 相似文献