GPS大地高观测值替代几何水准可行性探讨

GPS是随着现代科学的发展而兴起的以卫星为基础的无线电导航定位技术。它具有定位精度高、操作简便等优点,在测量领域获得了越来越广泛的应用。GPS在高程控制测量方面的应用还存在着不尽如人意的地方,主要的原因是GPS高程控制测量只能得到大地高,而不是工程中所需要的正常高。实现大地高向正常高的转换是工程上应用GPS高程控制成果所必须要解决的问题,也是本文研究的主要内容。     

通过实例进行GPS水准精度分析

<正>在工程的实际应用中选定若干水准点,在这些点上进行GPS观测,建立拟合基准面高程系统,并以某一点的高程为起算高程,可以说也是一种独立的高程系统,与在传统的独立水准网中,以某一水准点高程为起算高程,或任意假定一个点的高程为起算高程的情况是类似的。在实用上,GPS点在此系统中的高程精度与GPS点大地高的精度相同,采用水准测量加密一些点的高程的精度除受水准高差观测精度的影响外,还受到由于水准面与拟合面差异的影响。为了研究建立GPS水准测量与几何水准测量之间的拟合数学模型,结合生产实际,我们在霍煤炭素项目控制网测量中对GPS拟合高程作了实验,也在多条公路测量中进行验证和比较,取得了一定量的数据及可靠的实验成果。     

GNSS在水准测量中的应用

GNSS测量技术在控制点平面测量中能提供可达毫米级的实时大地坐标,但其由于受高精度似大地水准面模型的限制,一直无法满足高等级水准测量要求。文章通过GPS高程拟合原理进行了实例分析,探讨了GNSS拟合高程代替四等水准测量的可行性,为工程测量中水准测量困难的局部地区用GNSS进行四等水准测量提供了理论和实践依据。     

似大地水准面精化成果在地质工程测量中的应用

地质工程测量高程测量在满足其高程精度要求的基础上常常通过水准测量或高程拟合的方式完成.但在一些特殊情况下,可通过GPS测量,利用区域似大地水准面精化成果求取其高程成果这种方式就变得尤为可取.这样,可在保证其高程精度的情况下,大大减少测量工作量,降低测量成本,产生巨大的经济效益.     

GPS水准精度评定方法分析

GPS技术的发展,特别是厘米级似大地水准面的发展,为GPS测量正常高提供了技术基础,然而把GPS测量大地高转换成正常高仍存在多种方法的优选问题。本文就GPS测量大地高转换成水准高的精度问题进行分析,给出了精度评定的具体方法,并提出四项提高GPS水准精度的具体措施。     

GPS水准代替三等水准测量技术应用研究

GPS定位在水准测量方面，因为大地水准面和参考椭球面之间的位置关系非常复杂，用GPS高程代替三等水准往往达不到好的效果，本文通过建立GPS高程异常模型，利用GPS水准点进行参数求解，粗差检验，结合工程实例与三等水准测量精度比较，论证了应用可行性。     

GNSS模型建构综述

目前国内外应用GNSS定位技术建立各类控制网时,仅解决了平面坐标,高程方面除平原地区采用拟合方法可以得到满意结果外,其余地区高程仍多沿用常规的几何水准测量方法来测定。因此如何有效利用GNSS测量的高程信息把大地高转换成正常高,直接为测绘生产服务,实现GNSS观测时能同时获得实用的三维坐标,是一个非常实际而又有意义的课题。     

厦门岛大地水准面精化可行性分析

本文论述了如何采用现代测绘技术布设高精度GPS水准网,结合重力测量资料,利用现代地球重力场模型研究最新成果来确定区域性厘米级精度(似)大地水准面。实现用GPS测量手段代替四等水准以下精度的高程测量,可以大幅度减少外业工作。     

GPS系统在房屋工程控制测量中的应用技术浅析

GPS全球定位系统由空间卫星群和地面监控系统两大部分组成,除此之外,测量用户当然还应有卫星接收设备.GPS全球定位系统在房屋工程测量中的应用,在最近的两年得到了迅速推广,这主要依赖于GPS系统可以向全球任何用户全天候地连续提供高精度的三维坐标、三维速度和时间信息等技术参数.本文分析了GPS系统的定位原理和技术特点,并探讨了GPS系统在房屋工程测量中的应用方法与步骤.     

GPS系统的原理及其在房屋建设测量中的应用

GPS全球定位系统作为新形式测量系统,已广泛用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量以及地形测量等各个方面。GPS全球定位系统(Global Positioning System)在公路工程测量中的应用,在最近的两年得到了迅速推广,这主要依赖于GPS系统可以向全球任何用户全天候地连续提供高精度的三维坐标、三维速度和时间信息等技术参数。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。