投资性房地产公允价值计量模式对企业债务融资风险的影响——基于2009-2016年我国A股房地产上市公司数据的实证检验

投资性房地产是目前我国会计准则中唯一将公允价值计量运用于非金融资产的项目,企业对投资性房地产具有自主选择计量模式的权利,因此投资性房地产的计量模式选择非常具有特殊性。作为资金密集性行业,债务融资对于房地产企业的发展起着关键作用,也是防范风险的重要环节。本文实证检验了我国上市公司中投资性房地产公允价值计量模式与企业债务融资风险之间的关系,发现在投资性房地产中采取公允价值计量模式能降低企业的债务融资风险;同时,对不同产权性质的企业,投资性房地产公允价值计量模式对国有企业和民营企业有不同的影响,即民营企业的债务融资风险相较于国有企业影响更大。     

小议房地产贷款业务中的风险管理

中国经济持续发展累积的财富使国民进一步关注自身生活条件的改善,积蓄多年对房地产市场的需求得以释放,推动房价不断上涨,伴随企业和个人对未来乐观期待所带来的投资需求,银行业的土地和房产的抵押融资也迅速增长,房地产行业的信贷规模逐年扩大,银行信贷资金在参与房地产投资风险管理中如何规避风险,是当前迫切需要解决的问题.     

房产抵押价值、负债水平与劳动力需求——基于中介效应模型的实证研究

随着企业房产抵押的发展,房产抵押价值对企业融资能力以及劳动力需求的影响日渐凸显。本文采用中国上市公司2003-2015年的房屋建筑物数据和各省房价数据,基于中介效应模型研究了上市公司房产抵押价值与公司劳动力需求的关系及其影响机制。研究发现,房产抵押价值与公司的劳动力需求正相关;房产抵押价值通过作用于负债水平,缓解企业融资约束,进而对公司劳动力需求产生正向影响。研究结果表明房产抵押价值与公司劳动力需求之间存在以负债水平为中介的抵押渠道效应,为房产抵押价值正向影响公司劳动力需求提供了直接证据。为避免房价下跌对劳动力市场产生不利冲击,本文建议在房价下跌时增加企业融资渠道,提升企业的劳动力需求,减缓劳动力市场的就业压力。     

浅析我国目前房地产融资所遇到的问题及相关解决办法

房地产行业作为典型的高投入,高回报,高风险的资本密集型行业,决定了其巨额的融资需求．但是我国现在房地产金融市场还是以传统的银行信贷为主。据统计全国房地产开发资金中银行对开发商发放的贷款占23．86％．企业自筹占28．69％．定金及预售款占38．82％。而定金和预售款中绝大一部分又是以银行对居民的个人住房贷款的形式存在．因此粗略统计房地产开发企业至少有60％的资金供给来源于银行贷款．由此对我国的银行系统造成了很大的潜在风险。当房价下滑时．带来的直接影响是银行房地产资产质量的恶化．给银行带来巨额的呆账和坏账损失．因此无论从房地产行业的进一步发展来看．还是从降低金融系统的整体风险来看．拓宽房地产企业的融资渠道势在必行。     

我国房地产企业上市融资存在的问题及解决对策

随着我国房地产行业发展迅速,如何进行有效的融资成为目前我国房地产行业迫切要解决的问题之一。现阶段,我国房地产企业资源短缺,已经成为一个不可忽视的问题’如果不能降低和分散风险将会给房地产企业带来财产威眈严重可能造成房地产企业破产,因此,房地产企业应该及时解决融资过程中所出现的风险。本文主要分析和研究房地产企业在上市过程中存在的融资问题,同时针对其问题进行扩充房地产企业上市融资途径的相关措施。     

次级债危机的中国之鉴

住房抵押贷款资产的质量，与房地产市场的整体行情密切相关。一旦房地产市场步入衰退，违约率上升和抵押品价值下降将会导致住房抵押贷款演变为不良贷款，从而危及银行的资产和利润。     

房价调控、地方政府债务与宏观经济波动

在地方政府债务高企的背景下,房价调控能否使资本流向非房地产部门？房价调控如果触发地方政府债务违约,宏观政策应如何应对？本文基于中国宏观经济的特征事实,引入地方政府的土地财政行为,将房价变动与地方政府的偿债能力联系起来。研究表明,由于地方政府依赖土地出让和土地抵押贷款筹集收入,房价管控导致的地价下降会带来地方政府收入的下降,直接影响地方政府的偿债能力。如果地方政府债务不出现违约,那么房价管控带来的地价下降会降低地方政府从金融部门获得的抵押融资额,使非基建部门的融资成本下降,非基建部门投资和产出上升。而如果调控房价带来的地价下降导致地方政府出现债务违约,金融部门资产受损,使金融中介减少贷款和提高贷款成本,带来整个社会的信贷紧缩,经济中各个部门的产出大幅下降。进一步的政策分析表明,有必要在避免地方政府债务违约的同时,使用财政资金补充银行资本金等多种方式稳定金融中介的资产负债表,从而将房价调控对经济的负面影响程度降到最低。     

银行贷款对企业风险承担的影响:推动还是抑制?

企业资本结构中具有负债成分会导致债权人与股东(管理者)之间发生委托代理问题,从而可能出现资产替代行为和加大财务危机的概率,并进一步影响到企业风险承担水平。本文以2004年至2013年中国上市公司为样本,实证检验银行贷款对企业风险承担的影响。研究发现,银行贷款与企业风险承担水平显著正相关。进一步深入分析发现,尽管较短的贷款期限可以抑制企业风险承担,但短期借款仍然与企业风险承担水平显著正相关。另外,当企业投资机会较多,管理者具有股权激励时,银行贷款与企业风险承担水平之间的正相关关系更加显著。研究结论说明在我国的制度背景下,银行贷款与企业风险承担水平的关系更加符合资产替代观。     

对房地产业可持续发展的探讨

1我国房地产行业发展状况 我国城市化进程明显加快,为房地产行业发展带来了重大机会,同样也迫切需要房地产行业发展的支持。但近年来房价快速上涨,严重制约房地产需求的增长,不仅成为房地产发展的最大障碍,而且还将积累资产泡沫和金融风险。     

金融危机下地产回购担保信贷模式探讨——以浙江省为例

个人住房期房贷款作为一种新的购房融资方式,有力推动了房地产行业的蓬勃发展。但期房抵押的特殊性,也带来新的风险;因此,在金融危机下寻求金融和地产市场繁荣的信贷新模式,防范房贷风险,已是当务之急。本文选择个人住房期房抵押贷款为研究对象,提出房地产回购担保信贷新模式,以期能对我国个人住房贷款担保制度的构建起到抛砖引玉,同时能给房地产融资市场带来崭新的发展。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.